Hurricanes: Their Nature and Impacts on Society - Climate Science ...

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54 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPACT ON SOCIETY in damage (Cochran <strong>and</strong> Levitan 1994). As Figure 2.10 shows, population growth is expected to continue in most coastal counties. In aggregate, in 1990 the coastal counties were home to more than 40 million people, or about 16% of the total US population. Although the numbers are large, census populations may actually underestimate the number of people along the coast during hurricane season. Because the hurricane season overlaps with the tourist season in many of these coastal counties, many more people in addition to permanent residents may actually be in the path of an approaching hurricane (cf. Sheets 1993). Property at risk Figure 2.11 shows insured property values in each of the 168 coastal counties from Texas to Maine for the years 1988 <strong>and</strong> 1993, based upon a study by the Applied Insurance Research in collaboration with the Insurance Institute for Property Loss Reduction. Figure 2.12 shows the increase from 1988 to 1993 as a percentage of the 1988 total. An increase of 100% represents a doubling in value, 200% a tripling, etc. Inflation accounts for 19.5% of the aggregate growth during that five-year period (Council of Economic Advisors 1994). The remainder of the growth can be attributed to exp<strong>and</strong>ed insurance coverage <strong>and</strong> real increases in property values. The total amounts of insured property are staggering. Over $3.1 trillion worth of property was insured in 1993, an increase of 69% (50% excluding inflation) over the 1988 total of about $1.9 trillion. The 1988 total represented an increase of 64% (35% after inflation) over the 1980 total of about $1.1 trillion (Sheets 1993). For comparison, the coastal counties represented about 15% of the total insured property in the United States in 1993, which was about $21.4 trillion; for 1988 the figures are approximately 14% <strong>and</strong> $13 trillion, respectively. As compared to the rapid coastal population growth in recent years, the growth in insured property in the five years from 1988 to 1993 is even more startling. After adjusting for the effects of inflation, the aggregate growth for all coastal counties is 46%, more than twice the inflation of the period. Table 2.2 shows a summary by state of insured property for the coastal counties. Except for Louisiana, Florida had the slowest rate of growth in coastal insured property. Despite its lower rate of growth, the total insured coastal property in Florida exceeds the combined coastal insured property from Texas to Delaware (excluding Florida). Within states, local variations are large. Only one county, Laforche Parish, Louisiana, had property values decrease over the period (compensating for inflation). Over the five-year period, 24 counties experienced more than a doubling in insured property. Although the amount of insured property is large, insured property represents only a portion of the total potential losses due to hurricanes. Uninsured property <strong>and</strong> public infrastructure make up a substantial portion of potential damage due to~
THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 55 Figure 2.11 Insured US coastal county property values by county <strong>and</strong> state for 1988 <strong>and</strong> 1993. Data provided courtesy of Insurance Institute for Property Loss Reduction Figure 2.12 Increase in insured US coastal county property values by county <strong>and</strong> state from 1988 to 1993 as a percentage of the 1988 total. Inflation accounts for about 19.5% of the change over the period. Data provided courtesy of Insurance Institute for Property Loss Reduction
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Hurricanes
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Copyright @ 1997 by John Wiley & So
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Dedication Foreword. Preface. Conte
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CONTENTS 5.3 5.2.3 WindY. . 5.2.4 R
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Foreword Before the mid-l 960s, stu
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X11 FOREWORD The lessons of Camille
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XVI PREFACE One of the fundamental
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XVlll PREFACE about the need for so
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2 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPA
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Page 23 and 24: INTRODUCfION: SCffiNCE, POLICY, AND
Page 25 and 26: INTRODUcnON: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND H
Page 27 and 28: INTRODUCTION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
Page 29 and 30: INTRODUcrION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
Page 31 and 32: INTRODUcrION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
Page 33 and 34: I I I I A -Nr"1v ~ r/) ,:,.," 0- 0-
Page 35 and 36: INTRODUCfION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
Page 37 and 38: 21 INTRODUCTION: SCIENCE, POLICY, A
Page 39 and 40: INTRODUCfION: SCffiNCE, POLICY, AND
Page 45 and 46: INTRODUCfION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
Page 47 and 48: CHAPTER 2 The US Hurricane Problem
Page 49 and 50: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM human acti
Page 51 and 52: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM of their p
Page 53 and 54: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 37 2.1.3 S
Page 55 and 56: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 39 activit
Page 57 and 58: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Figure 2.3
Page 59 and 60: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM on an intr
Page 61 and 62: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Table 2.1
Page 63 and 64: TIm us HURRICANE PROBLEM ~ I (a) -.
Page 65 and 66: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM emissions)
Page 67 and 68: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 51 Figure
Page 69: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM (ODDs) 193
Page 73 and 74: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM preparedne
Page 75 and 76: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 59 threat
Page 77 and 78: nIB US HURRICANE PROBLEM Table 2.3
Page 79 and 80: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 63 Paralle
Page 81 and 82: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Congress,
Page 83 and 84: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 67 Appendi
Page 85 and 86: TRC!>PICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH
Page 87 and 88: 71 TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EART
Page 89 and 90: TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH F
Page 93 and 94: TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH (
Page 97 and 98: TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH o
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Page 105 and 106: 35 ,~ 20 1201 55 TROPICAL CYCLONES
Page 107 and 108: TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH 9
Page 109 and 110: HURRICANE FORECASTS Figure 4.1 The
Page 111 and 112: * t " , " ' " i : , , j !' \ HURRIC
Page 113 and 114: HURRICANE FORECASTS (e) 7AM ~ ..i~~
Page 115 and 116: HURRICANE Fa RECASTS While the news
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Page 119 and 120: 102 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IM
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106 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IM
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CHAPTERS When a hurricane forms, it
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I ~..;. 126 HURRICANES: THEm NATURE
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~'\ '" 128 \ '-- HURRICANES: THEIR
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CHAPTER? 7.1 INTRODUCflON As recoun
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APPENDIX A CHAPTER! Byerly, R., 199
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40 000 30 000 20'000 10 000 APPENDI
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APPENDIX C Selected Data on Tropica
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Figure C.4 Cont: Tracks of intense
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'-'2 ..~ ,-..~ \OQ. ~~ -I" -(') 3.
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APPENDIX C 209 '";ij' 40 Q) ~ C) Q)
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211 APPENDIX D Table D.2 Eastern No
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APPENDIX D Table D.6 Western Austra
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APPENDIX D Table D.8 Fiji Region Na
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APPENDIX D Table 0.10 Southeast Ind
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on "'-va , £.c 0 I::.cp. V'O cn ,'
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UJ ~ UJ P-'-'" s~~ 0 In + In O-o>,V
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~ =.d.- ~ 0 ..., E-' g S u 'U~ =.g'
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APPENDIX E 233
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APPENDIX E In sum, TDS provides an
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APPENDIX 0 ~ION E 237 A period of t
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APPENDIX E IF SITUATION W~S P (alp)
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29. APPENDIX E p (0) 5 (a/p) T (alp
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APPENDIX E p (0) p p S T (a/o) (a/p
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APPENDIX E p p 5 p (alp) (r) S (r)
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APPENDIX E 247 P (al p p P (alp) p
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D APPENDIX E s s s s s s S T T T T
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APPENDIX E 251 IMMEDIATE EMERGENCY
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APPENDIX E 253 p p T (alp) (a/o) (0
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APPENDIX E P (a/s) P falsI 5 (alp)
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~ APPENDIX F 257 lOP = 5/9°C 1°C
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REFERENCES 259 Nemec, J.M. Nigg <st
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REFERENCES 261 Cochran, L.
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REFERENCES 263 Etzioni, A., 1985: M
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REFERENCES 265 Graham, B., 1992: An
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REFERENCES 267 Katz, R.W., 1993: To
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REFERENCES 269 Mesthene, E.G., 1967
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REFERENCES 271 south Florida. Part
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REFERENCES 273 Smith, K., 1992: Env
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REFERENCES 275 Wolensky, R.P. <stro
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INDEX 277 eye wall concentric eye w
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INDEX silver iodide 112 Simpson, Ro
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