Hurricanes: Their Nature and Impacts on Society - Climate Science ...

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HURRICANE IMPACfS 131 moisture can be copiously precipitated when it is lifted through a mechanism such as a mountain barrier <strong>and</strong>/or ascent over a weather front. Hurricane Agnes of 1972, for instance, produced enormous rainfalls over large areas of the middle Atlantic States because of strong large-scale atmospheric lifting <strong>and</strong> the movement of the moist air up <strong>and</strong> over the Appalachian mountains. The large-scale ascent, which was associated with a vigorous jet stream, would have produced an extratropical cyclone (but with more moderate rainfall) even in the absence of Agnes. The availability of the rich tropical moisture in combination with the lifting, produced disaster. The rainfall from this event is illustrated in Figure 5.10. Even snowfall has been reported to be associated with the inl<strong>and</strong> portion of a hurricane circulation. In 1963, Hurricane Ginny left more than 14 inches (36 centimeters) of snow in northern Maine as the hurricane moved into Nova Scotia with winds of around 100 mph (45 meters per second). Wind damage <strong>and</strong> tornadoes also can occur well inl<strong>and</strong> associated with tropical cyclones. In 1959, Hurricane Gracie caused 12 deaths in central Virginia 24 hours after l<strong>and</strong>fall on the South Carolina coast. Hurricane Hugo in 1989 caused significant damage in Charlotte, North Carolina after l<strong>and</strong>fall. From radar measurements, one study reported hurricane force winds around 3600 feet (1.1 kilometers) above the surface near Toronto associated with Hugo (although much weaker winds were felt near the surface) (Joe et al. 1995). Such strong winds aloft explain the substantial forest damage in the higher elevations in Shen<strong>and</strong>oah National Park in 1979 associated with the transit of the remnants of Hurricane David across the area, while no damage was reported in the lowl<strong>and</strong>s. 5.3.1 Hurricane impacts on society 5.3 SOCIETAL IMPACTS When they strike the US coast, hurricanes cost lives <strong>and</strong> dollars, <strong>and</strong> disrupt communities. Category 3, 4, <strong>and</strong> 5 storms -intense hurricanes -are responsible for a majority of hurricane-related damages. Appendix C shows intense hurricane tracks for l<strong>and</strong>falling storms over the US Atlantic <strong>and</strong> Gulf coasts for each decade this century. Loss of life, however, occurs from storms of various intensities. Owing largely to better warning systems, hurricane-related loss of life has decreased dramatically in the twentieth century (NRC 1989). Yet, in spite of reduced hurricane-related casualties ". ..large death toll in a US hurricane is still possible. The decreased death totals in recent years may be as much a result of lack of major hurricanes striking the most vulnerable
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Hurricanes
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Copyright @ 1997 by John Wiley & So
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Dedication Foreword. Preface. Conte
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CONTENTS 5.3 5.2.3 WindY. . 5.2.4 R
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Foreword Before the mid-l 960s, stu
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X11 FOREWORD The lessons of Camille
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XVI PREFACE One of the fundamental
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XVlll PREFACE about the need for so
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2 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPA
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4 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPA
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INTRODUCfION: SCffiNCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUcnON: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND H
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INTRODUCTION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUcrION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUcrION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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I I I I A -Nr"1v ~ r/) ,:,.," 0- 0-
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INTRODUCfION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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21 INTRODUCTION: SCIENCE, POLICY, A
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INTRODUCfION: SCffiNCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUCfION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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CHAPTER 2 The US Hurricane Problem
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM human acti
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM of their p
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 37 2.1.3 S
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 39 activit
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Figure 2.3
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM on an intr
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Table 2.1
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TIm us HURRICANE PROBLEM ~ I (a) -.
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM emissions)
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 51 Figure
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM (ODDs) 193
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 55 Figure
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM preparedne
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 59 threat
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nIB US HURRICANE PROBLEM Table 2.3
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 63 Paralle
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Congress,
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 67 Appendi
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TRC!>PICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH
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71 TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EART
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH F
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH (
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Page 105 and 106: 35 ,~ 20 1201 55 TROPICAL CYCLONES
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Page 109 and 110: HURRICANE FORECASTS Figure 4.1 The
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Page 119 and 120: 102 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IM
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Page 135 and 136: CHAPTERS When a hurricane forms, it
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182 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IM
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APPENDIX A CHAPTER! Byerly, R., 199
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40 000 30 000 20'000 10 000 APPENDI
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APPENDIX C Selected Data on Tropica
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Figure C.4 Cont: Tracks of intense
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APPENDIX C 209 '";ij' 40 Q) ~ C) Q)
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211 APPENDIX D Table D.2 Eastern No
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APPENDIX D Table D.6 Western Austra
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APPENDIX D Table D.8 Fiji Region Na
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APPENDIX D Table 0.10 Southeast Ind
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APPENDIX E 233
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APPENDIX E In sum, TDS provides an
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APPENDIX 0 ~ION E 237 A period of t
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APPENDIX E IF SITUATION W~S P (alp)
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29. APPENDIX E p (0) 5 (a/p) T (alp
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APPENDIX E p (0) p p S T (a/o) (a/p
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APPENDIX E p p 5 p (alp) (r) S (r)
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APPENDIX E 247 P (al p p P (alp) p
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D APPENDIX E s s s s s s S T T T T
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APPENDIX E 251 IMMEDIATE EMERGENCY
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APPENDIX E 253 p p T (alp) (a/o) (0
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APPENDIX E P (a/s) P falsI 5 (alp)
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~ APPENDIX F 257 lOP = 5/9°C 1°C
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REFERENCES 259 Nemec, J.M. Nigg <st
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REFERENCES 261 Cochran, L.
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REFERENCES 263 Etzioni, A., 1985: M
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REFERENCES 265 Graham, B., 1992: An
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REFERENCES 267 Katz, R.W., 1993: To
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REFERENCES 269 Mesthene, E.G., 1967
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REFERENCES 271 south Florida. Part
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REFERENCES 273 Smith, K., 1992: Env
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REFERENCES 275 Wolensky, R.P. <stro
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INDEX 277 eye wall concentric eye w
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INDEX silver iodide 112 Simpson, Ro
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