Hurricanes: Their Nature and Impacts on Society - Climate Science ...

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REFERENCES 261 Cochran, L. <strong>and</strong> M. Levitan, 1994: Lessons from Hurricane Andrew. Architect Sci. Rev., 37, 115-121. Corddry, M., 1991: City on the S<strong>and</strong>. Ocean City, Maryl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> the People who Built it, Tidewater Publishers, Centreville, MD. Cotton, W.R. <strong>and</strong> R.A. Pielke, 1995: Human <strong>Impacts</strong> on WeGrther <strong>and</strong> Climate, Cambridge University Press, New York, 288 pp. Council of Economic Advisors, 1994: Economic Report of the President. US GPO, Washington, DC, (February). Davis, W.P., K.W. Thornton <strong>and</strong> B. Levinson, 1994: Framework for assessing effects of global climate change on mangrove ecosystems. Bull. Marine S'ci., 54, 1045-1058. DeAngelis, R.M. <strong>and</strong> W.T. Hodge, 1972: Preliminary climatic data report Hurricane Agnes June 14-23, 1972. NOAA Technical Memor<strong>and</strong>um EDS NCC-I, August, National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC. DeMaria, M., 1995: A history of hurricane forecasting for the Atlantic Basin, 1920- 1995. In: Meteorology since 1919: Essays Commemorating the 75th Anniversary of the American Meteorological Society. American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA. DeMaria, M., 1996: The effect of vertical shear on tropical cyclone intensity change. J: Atmos. Sci., 53, 2076-2087. DeMaria, M. <strong>and</strong> J. Kaplan, 1994: A statistical hurricane intensity prediction scheme (SHIPS) for the Atlantic Basin. Wea. Forecasting, 9, 209-220. DeMaria, M., M.B. Lawrence <strong>and</strong> J.T. Kroll, 1990: An error analysis of Atlantic tropical cyclone track guidance models. Wea. Forecasting, 5(3), 47-61. Dewar, H., 1992: Devastation hits home in S. Fla. The Miami Herald, August 24, Special Hurricane Edition, p. 4. Dewey, J., 1933: John Dewey: The later works, 1925-1953. Southern lllinois University Press, Carbondale <strong>and</strong> Edwardsville, 113-139. Diamond, H.L. <strong>and</strong> P.F. Noonan, Eds. 1996: L<strong>and</strong> use in AmelP"ica, Isl<strong>and</strong> Press, Washington, DC, 351 pp. Diaz, H. <strong>and</strong> R. Pulwarty, 1997: Hu"icanes: Climate, Social, <strong>and</strong> ,/i:conomic <strong>Impacts</strong>, Springer-Verlag, New York. Dlugolecki, A.F., K.M. Clark, D. McCauley, J.P. Palutikof <strong>and</strong> W. Yambi, 1994: IPCC -Second Assessment Report, Working Group ll: <strong>Impacts</strong> of Climate Change, Chapter B9, Financial Services (First Draft). IPCC, Geneva, Switzerl<strong>and</strong>. Dlugolecki, A.F., K.M. Clark, F. Knecht, D. MacCauley, J.P. Palutikof <strong>and</strong> W. Yambi, 1996: Financial services. In: Climate Change 1995: <strong>Impacts</strong>, Adaptations <strong>and</strong> Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, London, chaptc:r 17. DOC (Department of Commerce) 1964: Hu"icane Dora, August 28-September 16, 1964, Preliminary Report with Advisories <strong>and</strong> Bulletins Issued, Vvashington, DC. DOC (Department of Commerce), 1990: Hurricane Hugo September 10-22, 1989. Natural Disaster Survey Report. National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD (May). DOC (Department of Commerce), 1993: Natural Disaster Survey Iteport, Hurricane Andrew: South Florida <strong>and</strong> Louisiana, August 23-26, 1992. l~ational Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD, (November). Doehring, F., I.W. Duedall <strong>and</strong> J.M. Williams, 1994: Florida hurri(:anes <strong>and</strong> tropical storms. 1871-1993: An historical survey. Florida Sea Grant College Program TP-71. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Doig, S.K., I 992a: The ocean's fury. 1he Miami Herald, October I, p. ID.
262 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPACT ON SOCIETY Doig, S.K., 1992b: Storm: A wobble away from great disaster. The Miami Herald, September 6, p. 23A. Donnelly, J., 1992: Andrew left our defenses down. The Miami Herald, September 4, p. 22A. Downing. 365-380. T.E., 1991: Vulnerability to hunger in Africa. Global Environ. Change, 1, Downing, T.E., 1992: Climate change <strong>and</strong> vulnerable places: Global food security <strong>and</strong> country studies in Zimbabwe, Kenya, Senegal <strong>and</strong> Chile. Research Report 1. Environmental Change Unit, University of Oxford, UK. Downs, A., 1972: Up <strong>and</strong> down with ecology -the Interest, 28, 38-50. "issue-attention cycle." The Public Doyle, T.W. <strong>and</strong> G.F. Girod, 1997: The frequency <strong>and</strong> intensity of Atlantic hurricanes <strong>and</strong> their influence on the structure of south Florida mangrove communities, pp. 109-120. In H.D. Diaz <strong>and</strong> R Pulwarty Eds, <strong>Hurricanes</strong>: Climate <strong>and</strong> Socioeconomic <strong>Impacts</strong>, Springer, Heidelburg, Germany. Drabek, T., 1986: Human System Responses to Disaster. Springer-Verlag, New York. Dubocq, T., 1992: Power FPL uncertain about when all service will be restored. The Miami Herald, August 26, p. lA. Dunn, G.E. <strong>and</strong> B.I. Miller, 1964: Atlantic Hu"icanes, Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, LA, 377 pp. Dvorak, V.F., 1975: Tropical cyclone intensity analysis <strong>and</strong> forecasting from satellite imagery. Mon. Wea. Rev., 103, 420-430. Dvorak, V.F., 1984: Tropical cyclone intensity analysis using satellite data. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 11, 47 pp. Eagleman, J.R., 1990: Severe <strong>and</strong> Unusual Weather, 2nd edition, Trimedia Publishing, Lenexa, KS. Eastman, J.L., 1995: Numerical simulation of Hurricane Andrew -Rapid intensification. 21st Conference on H~icanes <strong>and</strong> Tropical Meteorology, AMS, Boston, 24-28 April, Miami, FL, 111-113. Elgiston, H., 1992: Homestead: Ground zero. In J. Macchio Ed., Hurricane Andrew: Path of Destruction, August 1992, BD Publishing, Charleston, SC. Elsberry, R.L., 1995: Recent advancements in dynamical tropical cyclone track predictions. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 56, 81-99. Elsberry, R.L. <strong>and</strong> R.A. Jeffries, 1996: Vertical wind shear influences on tropical cyclone formation <strong>and</strong> intensification during TCM-92 <strong>and</strong> TCM-93. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 1374-1387. Elsberry, R.L., W.M. Frank, G.J. Holl<strong>and</strong>, J.D. Jarrell <strong>and</strong> R.L. Southern, 1987: A global view of tropical cyclones. Based largely on materials prepared for the International Workshop on Tropical Cyclones, Bangkok, Thail<strong>and</strong>, 25 November-5 December 1985. Office of Naval Research, Marine Meteorology Program, 185 pp. Emanuel, K.A., 1986: An air-sea interaction theory for tropical cyclones. Part I. J Atmos. Sci., 42, 586-604. Emanuel, K.A., 483-485. 1987: The dependence of hurricane intensity on climate. <strong>Nature</strong>, 326, Emanuel, K.A., 1988: Toward a general theory of hurricanes. Am. Sci., 76, 371-379. Emanuel, K.A., 1996: Maximum hurricane intensity estimation. Available at http:// cirrus. mi t. ed u/ ~eman uel/pcmin/pcla tIpcla t.html Emanuel, K.A., K. Speer, R. Rotunno, R. Srivastava <strong>and</strong> M. Molina, 1995: Hypercanes: a possible link in global extinction scenarios. J Geophys. Res., 100, 13755-13765. Englehardt, J. <strong>and</strong> C. Peng, 1996: A Bayesian benefit-risk Florida building code. Risk Anal., 16(1), 81-91. model applied to the south
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Hurricanes
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Copyright @ 1997 by John Wiley & So
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Dedication Foreword. Preface. Conte
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CONTENTS 5.3 5.2.3 WindY. . 5.2.4 R
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Foreword Before the mid-l 960s, stu
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X11 FOREWORD The lessons of Camille
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XVI PREFACE One of the fundamental
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XVlll PREFACE about the need for so
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2 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPA
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4 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPA
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INTRODUCfION: SCffiNCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUcnON: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND H
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INTRODUCTION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUcrION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUcrION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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I I I I A -Nr"1v ~ r/) ,:,.," 0- 0-
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INTRODUCfION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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21 INTRODUCTION: SCIENCE, POLICY, A
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INTRODUCfION: SCffiNCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUCfION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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CHAPTER 2 The US Hurricane Problem
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM human acti
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM of their p
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 37 2.1.3 S
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 39 activit
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Figure 2.3
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM on an intr
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Table 2.1
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TIm us HURRICANE PROBLEM ~ I (a) -.
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM emissions)
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 51 Figure
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM (ODDs) 193
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 55 Figure
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM preparedne
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 59 threat
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nIB US HURRICANE PROBLEM Table 2.3
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 63 Paralle
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Congress,
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 67 Appendi
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TRC!>PICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH
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71 TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EART
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH F
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH (
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH o
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH N
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH I
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH 3
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35 ,~ 20 1201 55 TROPICAL CYCLONES
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH 9
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HURRICANE FORECASTS Figure 4.1 The
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* t " , " ' " i : , , j !' \ HURRIC
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HURRICANE FORECASTS (e) 7AM ~ ..i~~
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HURRICANE Fa RECASTS While the news
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~-~ "'"00 ;-:'O-= -=-~"'" a",.- .->
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102 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IM
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~ 0, 2 ~ 2 ... ~ 0 ~ ~ 0 ':! Is I~
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~ .I;~ a ;;'0 . ~ ! ~ " 0 'I' -§.
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CHAPTERS When a hurricane forms, it
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I ~..;. 126 HURRICANES: THEm NATURE
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~'\ '" 128 \ '-- HURRICANES: THEIR
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~ I 00- .". ~ -0( v 1a u .§ ~ ...g
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CHAPTER? 7.1 INTRODUCflON As recoun
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APPENDIX A CHAPTER! Byerly, R., 199
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40 000 30 000 20'000 10 000 APPENDI
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APPENDIX C Selected Data on Tropica
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Figure C.4 Cont: Tracks of intense
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'-'2 ..~ ,-..~ \OQ. ~~ -I" -(') 3.
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APPENDIX C 209 '";ij' 40 Q) ~ C) Q)
Page 231 and 232: 211 APPENDIX D Table D.2 Eastern No
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Page 241 and 242: 220 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IM
Page 243 and 244: on "'-va , £.c 0 I::.cp. V'O cn ,'
Page 246 and 247: . OK OK U ~ ,. , , ..' ..~ '"' Z !
Page 248 and 249: UJ ~ UJ P-'-'" s~~ 0 In + In O-o>,V
Page 250 and 251: ~ =.d.- ~ 0 ..., E-' g S u 'U~ =.g'
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Page 254 and 255: APPENDIX E 233
Page 256 and 257: APPENDIX E In sum, TDS provides an
Page 258 and 259: APPENDIX 0 ~ION E 237 A period of t
Page 260 and 261: APPENDIX E IF SITUATION W~S P (alp)
Page 262 and 263: 29. APPENDIX E p (0) 5 (a/p) T (alp
Page 264 and 265: APPENDIX E p (0) p p S T (a/o) (a/p
Page 266 and 267: APPENDIX E p p 5 p (alp) (r) S (r)
Page 268 and 269: APPENDIX E 247 P (al p p P (alp) p
Page 270 and 271: D APPENDIX E s s s s s s S T T T T
Page 272 and 273: APPENDIX E 251 IMMEDIATE EMERGENCY
Page 274 and 275: APPENDIX E 253 p p T (alp) (a/o) (0
Page 276 and 277: APPENDIX E P (a/s) P falsI 5 (alp)
Page 278 and 279: ~ APPENDIX F 257 lOP = 5/9°C 1°C
Page 280 and 281: REFERENCES 259 Nemec, J.M. Nigg <st
Page 284 and 285: REFERENCES 263 Etzioni, A., 1985: M
Page 286 and 287: REFERENCES 265 Graham, B., 1992: An
Page 288 and 289: REFERENCES 267 Katz, R.W., 1993: To
Page 290 and 291: REFERENCES 269 Mesthene, E.G., 1967
Page 292 and 293: REFERENCES 271 south Florida. Part
Page 294 and 295: REFERENCES 273 Smith, K., 1992: Env
Page 296 and 297: REFERENCES 275 Wolensky, R.P. <stro
Page 298 and 299: INDEX 277 eye wall concentric eye w
Page 300: INDEX silver iodide 112 Simpson, Ro
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