Hurricanes: Their Nature and Impacts on Society - Climate Science ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

20 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPACT ON SOCIETY Table 1.3 Thirty-nine "retired" Atlantic hurricane names through 1995. Damage cost figures are in 1990 dollars. Sources: NOAA Fact Sheet; Hebert, Jarrell <strong>and</strong> Mayfield (1993); Rappaport <strong>and</strong> Fem<strong>and</strong>ez-Partagas (1995); C. L<strong>and</strong>sea, personal communication, 1997; R.H. Simpson, personal communication Year Name Location 1954 Carol 1954 Hazel 1955 1955 1955 1955 1957 1960 1961 1963 1964 1964 1964 1965 Connie Diane lone Janet Audrey Donna Carla Flora Cleo Dora Hilda Betsy 1966 Inez 1967 Beulah 1969 1970 1972 1974 1975 1977 1979 1979 1980 1983 1985 Camille Celia Agnes Cannen Eloise Anita David Frederic Allen Alicia Elena Notes (US costs (1990 $) <strong>and</strong> total casualties, etc.) Coastal areas north of the $2.37 billion, 60 deaths Carolinas to Long Isl<strong>and</strong>, inl<strong>and</strong> along its track north into Canada, mid-Atlantic states Antilles, North <strong>and</strong> South $1.44 billion, 1000 deaths Carolina North Carolina 25 deaths Northeast US $4.20 billion, 184 deaths North Carolina $444 million Lesser Antilles, Belize, <strong>and</strong> 538 deaths Mexico Louisiana <strong>and</strong> North Texas $696 million, 550 deaths Bahamas, Florida, <strong>and</strong> Eastern $1.82 billion, 364 deaths US Texas $1.93 billion, 46 deaths Haiti <strong>and</strong> Cuba 8000 deaths Lesser Antilles, Haiti, Cuba, $595 million, 213 deaths Southeast Florida Northeast Florida $1.16 billion Louisiana $579 million, 304 deaths Bahamas, Southeast Florida, $6.46 billion, 75 deaths Southeast Louisiana Lesser Antilles, Hispaniola, 1000 deaths Cuba, Florida Keys, Mexico Antilles, Mexico, South Texas $844 million; the largest number of tornadoes (115) ever Louisiana, Mississippi, <strong>and</strong> Alabama South Texas Florida, Northeast US Mexico, Central Louisiana Antilles, Northwest Florida, <strong>and</strong> Alabama Mexico Lesser Antilles, Hispaniola, Florida, <strong>and</strong> Eastern US Alabama <strong>and</strong> Mississippi Antilles, Mexico, <strong>and</strong> South Texas North Texas Mississippi, Alabama, <strong>and</strong> Western Florida associated with a hurricane $5.24 billion, 256 deaths $1.56 billion $5.24 billion, 122 deaths $380 million $1.08 billion $487 million, 2000 deaths $3.50 billion $411 million, 249 deaths $2.39 billion, 21 deaths $1.39 billion, 4 deaths
21 INTRODUCTION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND HURRICANES Table 1.3 continued Year Name Location Notes (US costs (1990 $) <strong>and</strong> total casualties, etc.) 1985 Gloria Gilbert North Carolina <strong>and</strong> Northeast $1.00 billion US Lesser Antilles, Jamaica, 327 deaths; lowest central Yucatan Peninsula, <strong>and</strong> Mexico pressure (888 mb) ever recorded Joan Curacao, Venezuela, Colombia, <strong>and</strong> Nicaragua 216 deaths; crossed into Pacific <strong>and</strong> was renamed Miriam 1989 1990 1990 1991 Hugo Diana Klaus Bob Antilles <strong>and</strong> South Carolina $7.16 billion, 56 deaths Mexico 96 deaths Martinique North Carolina <strong>and</strong> Northeast $1.5 billion US 1992 Andrew Bahamas, South Florida, <strong>and</strong> Louisiana >$25 billion 1995 1995 1995 1995 Luis Marilyn Opal Roxanne Leeward Isl<strong>and</strong>s Virgin Isl<strong>and</strong>s Mexico, Florida Mexico $2.5 billion, 16 deaths $1.5 billion, 8 deaths $3 billion, 51~ deaths $1.5 billion. 14 deaths storm was the construction of a levee around Lake Okeechobee to protect residents from future events. The levee still st<strong>and</strong>s today. Chesapeake-Potomac 1933 On 23 August 1933 a Category 3 storm made l<strong>and</strong>fall near Nags Head, on North Carolina's Outer Banks (Cobb 1991). The storm's center moved northwest on a track that took it west of Norfolk, Virginia, Washington, DC, Baltimore, Maryl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> Atlantic City, New Jersey. The 1933 storm is significant as it was the only hurricane in this century directly to strike the Chesapeake-Potomac area. The storm caused extensive property damages along the Mid-Atlantic coast, deep in the throes of the Depression, <strong>and</strong> 47 people lost their lives. The hurricane provided an unexpected benefit to residents of Ocean City, Maryl<strong>and</strong>, by cutting an inlet between Sinepatuexent Bay <strong>and</strong> the Atlantic Ocean (Corddry 1991). Residents had been lobbying Congress for several years for funds to create the harbor. The hurricane created the channel in one day. A consequence of the numerous hurriC',anes from the mid-1920s through the mid-1930s was Congressional <strong>and</strong> Presidential action to restructure the hurricane warning service (NOAA 1993). Such action in the aftermath of catastrophe has been typical of the process of development of hurricane policies throughout the past one hundred years.
Page 2 and 3: Hurricanes
Page 4 and 5: Copyright @ 1997 by John Wiley & So
Page 6 and 7: Dedication Foreword. Preface. Conte
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTS 5.3 5.2.3 WindY. . 5.2.4 R
Page 10 and 11: Foreword Before the mid-l 960s, stu
Page 12 and 13: X11 FOREWORD The lessons of Camille
Page 14 and 15: XVI PREFACE One of the fundamental
Page 16 and 17: XVlll PREFACE about the need for so
Page 18 and 19: 2 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPA
Page 20: 4 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPA
Page 23 and 24: INTRODUCfION: SCffiNCE, POLICY, AND
Page 25 and 26: INTRODUcnON: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND H
Page 27 and 28: INTRODUCTION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
Page 29 and 30: INTRODUcrION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
Page 31 and 32: INTRODUcrION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
Page 33 and 34: I I I I A -Nr"1v ~ r/) ,:,.," 0- 0-
Page 35: INTRODUCfION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
Page 39 and 40: INTRODUCfION: SCffiNCE, POLICY, AND
Page 45 and 46: INTRODUCfION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
Page 47 and 48: CHAPTER 2 The US Hurricane Problem
Page 49 and 50: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM human acti
Page 51 and 52: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM of their p
Page 53 and 54: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 37 2.1.3 S
Page 55 and 56: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 39 activit
Page 57 and 58: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Figure 2.3
Page 59 and 60: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM on an intr
Page 61 and 62: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Table 2.1
Page 63 and 64: TIm us HURRICANE PROBLEM ~ I (a) -.
Page 65 and 66: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM emissions)
Page 67 and 68: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 51 Figure
Page 69 and 70: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM (ODDs) 193
Page 71 and 72: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 55 Figure
Page 73 and 74: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM preparedne
Page 75 and 76: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 59 threat
Page 77 and 78: nIB US HURRICANE PROBLEM Table 2.3
Page 79 and 80: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 63 Paralle
Page 81 and 82: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Congress,
Page 83 and 84: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 67 Appendi
Page 85 and 86: TRC!>PICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH
Page 87 and 88:
71 TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EART
Page 89 and 90:
TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH F
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH (
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH o
Page 99 and 100:
TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH N
Page 101 and 102:
TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH I
Page 103 and 104:
TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH 3
Page 105 and 106:
35 ,~ 20 1201 55 TROPICAL CYCLONES
Page 107 and 108:
TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH 9
Page 109 and 110:
HURRICANE FORECASTS Figure 4.1 The
Page 111 and 112:
* t " , " ' " i : , , j !' \ HURRIC
Page 113 and 114:
HURRICANE FORECASTS (e) 7AM ~ ..i~~
Page 115 and 116:
HURRICANE Fa RECASTS While the news
Page 117 and 118:
~-~ "'"00 ;-:'O-= -=-~"'" a",.- .->
Page 119 and 120:
102 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IM
Page 121 and 122:
~ 0, 2 ~ 2 ... ~ 0 ~ ~ 0 ':! Is I~
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
~ .I;~ a ;;'0 . ~ ! ~ " 0 'I' -§.
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
CHAPTERS When a hurricane forms, it
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
I ~..;. 126 HURRICANES: THEm NATURE
Page 145 and 146:
~'\ '" 128 \ '-- HURRICANES: THEIR
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
~ I 00- .". ~ -0( v 1a u .§ ~ ...g
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
CHAPTER? 7.1 INTRODUCflON As recoun
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
APPENDIX A CHAPTER! Byerly, R., 199
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
40 000 30 000 20'000 10 000 APPENDI
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
APPENDIX C Selected Data on Tropica
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Figure C.4 Cont: Tracks of intense
Page 227 and 228:
'-'2 ..~ ,-..~ \OQ. ~~ -I" -(') 3.
Page 229 and 230:
APPENDIX C 209 '";ij' 40 Q) ~ C) Q)
Page 231 and 232:
211 APPENDIX D Table D.2 Eastern No
Page 233 and 234:
APPENDIX D Table D.6 Western Austra
Page 235 and 236:
APPENDIX D Table D.8 Fiji Region Na
Page 237 and 238:
APPENDIX D Table 0.10 Southeast Ind
Page 239 and 240:
: 8. ~A ". ~ 00 tU : V ~ ~ ~ V z 8,
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
on "'-va , £.c 0 I::.cp. V'O cn ,'
Page 246 and 247:
. OK OK U ~ ,. , , ..' ..~ '"' Z !
Page 248 and 249:
UJ ~ UJ P-'-'" s~~ 0 In + In O-o>,V
Page 250 and 251:
~ =.d.- ~ 0 ..., E-' g S u 'U~ =.g'
Page 252 and 253:
.s~~ ~...:s ~.9: .- .. ..c ..co " ,
Page 254 and 255:
APPENDIX E 233
Page 256 and 257:
APPENDIX E In sum, TDS provides an
Page 258 and 259:
APPENDIX 0 ~ION E 237 A period of t
Page 260 and 261:
APPENDIX E IF SITUATION W~S P (alp)
Page 262 and 263:
29. APPENDIX E p (0) 5 (a/p) T (alp
Page 264 and 265:
APPENDIX E p (0) p p S T (a/o) (a/p
Page 266 and 267:
APPENDIX E p p 5 p (alp) (r) S (r)
Page 268 and 269:
APPENDIX E 247 P (al p p P (alp) p
Page 270 and 271:
D APPENDIX E s s s s s s S T T T T
Page 272 and 273:
APPENDIX E 251 IMMEDIATE EMERGENCY
Page 274 and 275:
APPENDIX E 253 p p T (alp) (a/o) (0
Page 276 and 277:
APPENDIX E P (a/s) P falsI 5 (alp)
Page 278 and 279:
~ APPENDIX F 257 lOP = 5/9°C 1°C
Page 280 and 281:
REFERENCES 259 Nemec, J.M. Nigg <st
Page 282 and 283:
REFERENCES 261 Cochran, L.
Page 284 and 285:
REFERENCES 263 Etzioni, A., 1985: M
Page 286 and 287:
REFERENCES 265 Graham, B., 1992: An
Page 288 and 289:
REFERENCES 267 Katz, R.W., 1993: To
Page 290 and 291:
REFERENCES 269 Mesthene, E.G., 1967
Page 292 and 293:
REFERENCES 271 south Florida. Part
Page 294 and 295:
REFERENCES 273 Smith, K., 1992: Env
Page 296 and 297:
REFERENCES 275 Wolensky, R.P. <stro
Page 298 and 299:
INDEX 277 eye wall concentric eye w
Page 300:
INDEX silver iodide 112 Simpson, Ro
show all

Hurricanes: Their Nature and Impacts on Society - Climate Science ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?