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162 chapter 5: school curriculum <strong>and</strong> organization for teaching reading<br />
Exhibit 5.1: 5.1 Number of Years of Years Children Attended Preprimary Education (Preschool, Kindergarten, <strong>and</strong> Other <strong>PIRLS</strong> 2006<br />
4th Grade<br />
Similar Programs) <strong>and</strong> Other Similar Programs)<br />
Countries<br />
Country<br />
Has<br />
Compulsory<br />
Preprimary<br />
Education<br />
Did Not Attend<br />
Percent of<br />
Students<br />
Average Percent of<br />
Achievement Students<br />
Up to <strong>and</strong><br />
Including 1 Year<br />
Average Percent of<br />
Achievement Students<br />
More than 1 Year<br />
Up to <strong>and</strong><br />
Including 2 Years<br />
Average Percent of<br />
Achievement Students<br />
Between 2<br />
<strong>and</strong> 3 Years<br />
Average Percent of<br />
Achievement Students<br />
3 Years or More<br />
Average<br />
Achievement<br />
Austria j 2 (0.2) ~ ~ 7 (0.6) 527 (4.8) 31 (1.4) 535 (3.1) 5 (0.4) 542 (5.2) 56 (1.6) 545 (2.4)<br />
Belgium (Flemish) j 1 (0.2) ~ ~ 0 (0.1) ~ ~ 2 (0.3) ~ ~ 12 (0.6) 539 (4.5) 85 (0.8) 551 (1.9)<br />
Belgium (French) j 1 (0.2) ~ ~ 1 (0.2) ~ ~ 4 (0.4) 486 (10.5) 17 (0.8) 491 (3.8) 77 (1.1) 506 (2.6)<br />
1 Bulgaria j 13 (1.2) 537 (9.7) 7 (0.8) 525 (8.3) 12 (0.8) 543 (7.5) 15 (0.9) 542 (6.9) 53 (1.8) 560 (4.0)<br />
Canada, Alberta r j 32 (1.3) 559 (3.8) 27 (1.0) 564 (3.4) 31 (1.1) 570 (3.3) 6 (0.4) 574 (5.8) 4 (0.7) 570 (9.7)<br />
Canada, British Columbia r k 25 (1.4) 554 (4.3) 20 (0.9) 564 (4.6) 36 (1.2) 566 (3.3) 12 (0.9) 568 (5.1) 8 (0.6) 571 (6.6)<br />
Canada, Nova Scotia k 23 (0.8) 539 (3.4) 24 (0.9) 545 (3.2) 33 (1.0) 549 (3.0) 11 (0.6) 551 (4.3) 9 (0.5) 550 (4.9)<br />
Canada, Ontario j 47 (1.5) 556 (3.2) 13 (0.7) 563 (5.8) 23 (0.8) 553 (3.5) 8 (0.7) 571 (7.5) 9 (0.7) 562 (6.1)<br />
Canada, Quebec j 35 (1.5) 530 (3.9) 27 (1.3) 542 (3.7) 20 (1.0) 539 (3.4) 6 (0.7) 541 (6.1) 12 (1.1) 531 (5.9)<br />
Chinese Taipei j 1 (0.2) ~ ~ 6 (0.4) 524 (5.9) 42 (1.0) 534 (2.3) 26 (0.6) 538 (2.7) 25 (0.8) 543 (2.8)<br />
Denmark j 1 (0.1) ~ ~ 3 (0.3) 556 (7.5) 4 (0.5) 518 (6.6) 14 (0.8) 543 (4.5) 78 (1.2) 551 (2.4)<br />
Engl<strong>and</strong> j x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x<br />
France j 1 (0.1) ~ ~ 0 (0.1) ~ ~ 4 (0.4) 514 (7.1) 20 (0.7) 514 (3.4) 75 (0.8) 528 (2.2)<br />
Georgia j 35 (2.0) 471 (5.0) 7 (0.7) 465 (8.1) 20 (1.1) 470 (3.5) 9 (0.6) 477 (5.8) 29 (1.4) 476 (4.8)<br />
Germany j 2 (0.2) ~ ~ 2 (0.3) ~ ~ 11 (0.8) 547 (4.7) 18 (0.7) 549 (4.3) 67 (1.1) 557 (2.2)<br />
Hong Kong SAR j 1 (0.2) ~ ~ 1 (0.1) ~ ~ 3 (0.4) 559 (6.8) 29 (0.8) 561 (2.6) 66 (0.8) 567 (2.4)<br />
Hungary k 0 (0.1) ~ ~ 2 (0.3) ~ ~ 5 (0.5) 531 (9.9) 8 (0.6) 543 (7.7) 85 (0.9) 556 (2.8)<br />
Icel<strong>and</strong> r j 1 (0.2) ~ ~ 2 (0.3) ~ ~ 5 (0.4) 508 (6.3) 20 (0.7) 509 (3.6) 72 (0.8) 520 (1.8)<br />
Indonesia j 38 (2.8) 381 (5.0) 13 (1.3) 421 (7.0) 33 (2.5) 433 (3.9) 5 (0.6) 419 (8.9) 12 (1.1) 396 (6.3)<br />
Iran, Islamic Rep. of j 49 (2.1) 392 (3.8) 30 (1.3) 440 (3.9) 14 (0.8) 458 (4.3) 2 (0.3) ~ ~ 5 (0.6) 474 (9.5)<br />
Israel s k 8 (1.2) 444 (10.2) 5 (0.6) 444 (11.6) 15 (1.1) 482 (7.9) 11 (0.8) 516 (7.8) 61 (1.6) 557 (3.0)<br />
Italy j 2 (0.3) ~ ~ 2 (0.3) ~ ~ 9 (0.6) 546 (7.8) 17 (0.7) 540 (5.0) 70 (1.1) 558 (2.7)<br />
Kuwait r j 13 (0.8) 325 (8.5) 8 (0.6) 341 (10.9) 69 (1.1) 337 (4.4) 5 (0.5) 353 (12.2) 5 (0.5) 355 (10.8)<br />
Latvia k 15 (1.0) 532 (4.8) 6 (0.5) 530 (7.2) 18 (0.9) 532 (4.5) 12 (0.7) 545 (4.6) 49 (1.2) 551 (2.5)<br />
Lithuania j 30 (1.4) 524 (3.0) 6 (0.4) 531 (3.9) 10 (0.6) 537 (3.6) 9 (0.5) 547 (3.4) 45 (1.4) 546 (2.1)<br />
Luxembourg k 13 (0.5) 541 (3.1) 4 (0.3) 545 (4.7) 69 (0.8) 565 (1.3) 7 (0.4) 558 (4.4) 7 (0.3) 555 (4.4)<br />
1 Macedonia, Rep. of j 24 (1.2) 426 (5.9) 37 (1.3) 431 (4.8) 18 (0.8) 461 (5.8) 6 (0.5) 490 (8.1) 15 (1.0) 492 (6.3)<br />
Moldova, Rep. of j 14 (1.7) 490 (8.1) 10 (1.1) 491 (6.3) 16 (1.0) 503 (4.9) 13 (0.8) 502 (4.5) 47 (1.8) 504 (3.4)<br />
Morocco – 28 (2.2) 296 (12.8) 9 (0.9) 299 (8.2) 29 (1.4) 336 (7.0) 13 (0.9) 349 (8.2) 20 (1.2) 339 (6.9)<br />
Netherl<strong>and</strong>s s j 3 (0.5) 545 (8.5) 3 (0.4) 550 (7.5) 56 (1.4) 555 (2.0) 34 (1.2) 561 (2.2) 5 (0.5) 536 (5.9)<br />
New Zeal<strong>and</strong> s j 4 (0.4) 532 (7.9) 5 (0.5) 522 (9.2) 30 (0.9) 551 (2.8) 31 (0.9) 552 (3.8) 29 (1.0) 548 (3.1)<br />
Norway j 9 (0.9) 490 (6.9) 3 (0.3) 490 (8.5) 11 (0.7) 484 (3.5) 15 (1.0) 491 (5.5) 62 (1.9) 507 (2.8)<br />
Pol<strong>and</strong> k 34 (1.9) 513 (3.2) 17 (0.9) 506 (4.2) 16 (1.0) 519 (4.5) 5 (0.4) 529 (5.6) 28 (1.4) 543 (3.6)<br />
Qatar s j 33 (0.5) 345 (2.6) 25 (0.7) 355 (2.9) 29 (0.6) 371 (3.3) 6 (0.3) 369 (7.0) 6 (0.3) 352 (6.7)<br />
Romania k 6 (1.0) 401 (14.7) 5 (0.6) 452 (12.4) 19 (1.2) 471 (9.7) 18 (1.4) 498 (6.1) 51 (1.9) 511 (3.8)<br />
Russian Federation j 20 (1.2) 545 (6.3) 4 (0.3) 561 (7.2) 8 (0.7) 563 (6.6) 9 (0.5) 574 (5.4) 59 (1.3) 571 (3.0)<br />
Scotl<strong>and</strong> s j 2 (0.3) ~ ~ 14 (1.2) 556 (6.5) 52 (1.5) 534 (4.6) 19 (1.0) 549 (4.9) 13 (1.0) 552 (8.1)<br />
Singapore j 2 (0.1) ~ ~ 1 (0.2) ~ ~ 13 (0.5) 531 (4.2) 26 (0.6) 554 (3.1) 57 (0.8) 571 (2.9)<br />
Slovak Republic j 5 (0.6) 473 (11.9) 11 (0.8) 515 (6.7) 15 (0.7) 523 (4.3) 11 (0.7) 529 (4.8) 59 (1.3) 545 (2.3)<br />
Slovenia j 14 (1.2) 513 (4.3) 5 (0.4) 498 (5.4) 13 (0.7) 520 (3.3) 14 (0.7) 524 (3.8) 54 (1.3) 528 (2.2)<br />
South Africa r j 13 (0.5) 281 (5.4) 18 (0.6) 307 (6.6) 23 (0.7) 308 (7.0) 14 (0.4) 291 (9.6) 31 (0.7) 318 (8.1)<br />
Spain s j 4 (0.6) 480 (9.0) 3 (0.4) 500 (10.2) 17 (1.0) 511 (5.4) 16 (0.9) 515 (3.8) 59 (1.6) 530 (3.1)<br />
Sweden j 4 (0.4) 516 (7.0) 5 (0.5) 540 (6.9) 20 (1.1) 539 (3.6) 12 (0.6) 549 (3.5) 60 (1.5) 559 (2.5)<br />
Trinidad <strong>and</strong> Tobago j 6 (0.7) 375 (11.6) 8 (0.5) 456 (9.2) 43 (1.2) 446 (5.4) 27 (1.0) 450 (5.7) 16 (0.9) 423 (7.5)<br />
United States j – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –<br />
International Avg. 12 (0.2) 455 (1.6) 8 (0.1) 479 (1.5) 21 (0.2) 496 (1.0) 15 (0.1) 505 (1.0) 45 (0.2) 510 (0.9)<br />
k Yes<br />
j No<br />
Background data provided by parents <strong>and</strong> National Research Coordinators.<br />
1 Compulsory preprimary education was introduced in 2004, but does not affect the<br />
students tested in <strong>PIRLS</strong> 2006.<br />
( ) St<strong>and</strong>ard errors appear in parentheses. Because results are rounded to the nearest<br />
whole number, some totals may appear inconsistent.<br />
An “r” indicates data are available for 70–84% of the students. An “s” indicates data are<br />
available for 50–69% of the students. An “x” indicates data are available for less than<br />
50% of the students.<br />
A dash (–) indicates comparable data are not available. A tilde (~) indicates insufficient<br />
data to report achievement.<br />
NOTE: The International Average does not include the results from the Canadian provinces.<br />
SOURCE: IEA Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (<strong>PIRLS</strong>) 2006
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