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chapter 7: school contexts
Exhibit 7.16: 7.16 Index of of Principals’ Perception of of School Safety (PPSS) with Trends
Countries
2006
Percent
of Students
High PPSS Medium PPSS Low PPSS
Average
Achievement
Difference
in Percent
from 2001
2006
Percent
of Students
Average
Achievement
Difference
in Percent
from 2001
2006
Percent
of Students
Average
Achievement
Difference
in Percent
from 2001
England 90 (1.9) 547 (3.0) – – 9 (2.1) 496 (5.6) – – 1 (0.0) ~ ~ – –
Hong Kong SAR 88 (2.9) 564 (2.4) –1 (4.4) 11 (2.8) 572 (7.4) 0 (4.3) 1 (0.0) ~ ~ 1 (0.0)
Iran, Islamic Rep. of 88 (2.2) 422 (3.7) 13 (4.5) h 11 (2.2) 417 (12.4) –8 (4.3) 1 (0.8) ~ ~ –5 (2.0) i
Chinese Taipei 85 (3.0) 535 (2.3) ◊ ◊ 14 (2.9) 536 (4.3) ◊ ◊ 1 (0.0) ~ ~ ◊ ◊
Scotland r 85 (4.1) 531 (3.7) 11 (6.0) 15 (4.1) 517 (10.7) –11 (6.0) 0 (0.0) ~ ~ 0 (0.0)
Belgium (Flemish) 84 (3.4) 547 (2.1) ◊ ◊ 16 (3.4) 545 (6.2) ◊ ◊ 0 (0.0) ~ ~ ◊ ◊
Russian Federation 83 (2.5) 564 (3.7) –9 (3.2) i 17 (2.5) 570 (8.0) 10 (3.1) h 0 (0.0) ~ ~ –1 (0.6)
Spain 79 (3.2) 517 (2.6) ◊ ◊ 17 (2.9) 500 (7.0) ◊ ◊ 5 (1.7) 492 (21.3) ◊ ◊
Canada, British Columbia 79 (3.5) 563 (2.7) ◊ ◊ 21 (3.4) 542 (6.0) ◊ ◊ 1 (0.7) ~ ~ ◊ ◊
Moldova, Rep. of 77 (3.8) 500 (3.3) 1 (5.2) 15 (3.0) 501 (8.5) –6 (4.6) 8 (2.5) 500 (14.8) 5 (2.7)
Singapore 77 (0.0) 558 (3.0) –7 (3.3) i 23 (0.0) 559 (7.4) 7 (3.3) h 0 (0.0) ~ ~ 0 (0.0)
New Zealand 77 (2.8) 541 (2.4) 12 (4.8) h 23 (2.9) 507 (7.1) –11 (4.8) i 1 (0.5) ~ ~ 0 (0.5)
United States 77 (3.7) 545 (3.7) 6 (5.4) 22 (3.3) 525 (5.7) –6 (5.2) 1 (0.0) ~ ~ 1 (0.0)
Italy 76 (3.6) 553 (3.1) 13 (5.3) h 14 (3.0) 556 (10.1) –11 (4.6) i 11 (2.2) 535 (10.6) –2 (3.1)
Canada, Nova Scotia 75 (3.4) 544 (2.6) ◊ ◊ 25 (3.4) 536 (4.4) ◊ ◊ 0 (0.0) ~ ~ ◊ ◊
Georgia 73 (3.9) 469 (3.9) ◊ ◊ 20 (3.4) 481 (7.5) ◊ ◊ 7 (1.9) 472 (10.4) ◊ ◊
Canada, Alberta 72 (4.0) 563 (2.7) ◊ ◊ 28 (4.0) 554 (5.1) ◊ ◊ 0 (0.0) ~ ~ ◊ ◊
France 72 (3.5) 529 (2.5) –2 (5.3) 27 (3.5) 505 (5.2) 1 (5.4) 2 (1.1) ~ ~ 0 (1.6)
Denmark 71 (3.8) 549 (2.8) ◊ ◊ 29 (3.8) 543 (4.2) ◊ ◊ 1 (0.0) ~ ~ ◊ ◊
Canada, Quebec 69 (4.5) 538 (3.4) 14 (7.0) h 29 (4.4) 521 (4.6) –14 (6.9) i 2 (1.3) ~ ~ 0 (1.8)
Canada, Ontario 68 (5.3) 555 (3.6) 12 (7.2) 31 (5.3) 553 (3.6) –12 (7.1) 1 (0.0) ~ ~ –1 (1.2)
Austria 67 (3.7) 541 (2.8) ◊ ◊ 31 (3.7) 533 (4.4) ◊ ◊ 2 (1.1) ~ ~ ◊ ◊
Macedonia, Rep. of r 66 (4.3) 448 (6.8) 0 (5.7) 28 (4.0) 449 (11.7) –3 (5.6) 6 (2.3) 420 (14.6) 3 (2.8)
Belgium (French) 65 (4.7) 507 (3.5) ◊ ◊ 30 (4.5) 491 (5.5) ◊ ◊ 5 (1.9) 465 (7.4) ◊ ◊
Sweden 64 (3.8) 550 (2.6) 7 (5.9) 35 (3.9) 547 (3.9) –7 (6.0) 1 (0.8) ~ ~ 0 (1.1)
Iceland r 62 (0.3) 514 (1.6) 9 (0.5) h 38 (0.3) 509 (2.2) –9 (0.5) i 0 (0.0) ~ ~ –1 (0.0)
Norway 61 (4.8) 498 (3.2) 1 (6.8) 39 (4.8) 498 (4.2) 0 (6.8) 0 (0.0) ~ ~ –1 (0.7)
Lithuania 57 (4.1) 536 (2.3) –7 (5.8) 43 (4.0) 538 (3.1) 7 (5.7) 1 (0.0) ~ ~ 0 (0.0)
Bulgaria 55 (4.4) 553 (5.9) –6 (5.8) 40 (4.4) 537 (6.9) 4 (5.8) 5 (1.7) 556 (17.5) 1 (2.4)
Romania 51 (4.3) 486 (7.5) –36 (5.1) i 36 (4.2) 489 (7.4) 24 (4.9) h 14 (3.0) 505 (12.9) 12 (3.1) h
Germany 50 (3.0) 557 (2.7) 11 (4.8) h 49 (3.2) 542 (3.2) –10 (4.8) i 1 (0.7) ~ ~ –1 (1.4)
Slovenia 47 (3.8) 521 (2.8) –1 (5.3) 51 (3.9) 522 (3.5) –1 (5.3) 2 (1.2) ~ ~ 2 (1.2)
Latvia 47 (3.8) 548 (3.6) –20 (5.7) i 48 (3.9) 534 (3.9) 19 (5.8) h 5 (1.9) 538 (9.4) 2 (2.5)
Israel 47 (4.3) 519 (7.2) 3 (6.4) 50 (4.2) 514 (4.8) 3 (6.6) 3 (1.5) 406 (16.4) –7 (2.9) i
Qatar r 43 (0.2) 356 (1.9) ◊ ◊ 24 (0.2) 346 (2.3) ◊ ◊ 32 (0.2) 352 (2.4) ◊ ◊
Trinidad and Tobago 43 (4.0) 452 (7.5) ◊ ◊ 56 (4.0) 427 (7.7) ◊ ◊ 2 (1.1) ~ ~ ◊ ◊
Poland 40 (4.4) 517 (4.1) ◊ ◊ 59 (4.3) 521 (3.0) ◊ ◊ 1 (0.6) ~ ~ ◊ ◊
Slovak Republic 37 (3.9) 531 (6.0) 10 (5.3) 57 (4.1) 530 (3.3) –9 (5.6) 6 (2.1) 534 (6.6) –1 (3.2)
South Africa 36 (2.8) 326 (12.4) ◊ ◊ 51 (2.9) 296 (7.0) ◊ ◊ 13 (1.7) 263 (10.1) ◊ ◊
Netherlands r 33 (4.3) 547 (2.9) 10 (6.0) 65 (4.4) 547 (2.3) –9 (6.0) 1 (0.1) ~ ~ 0 (1.2)
Hungary 33 (4.0) 554 (5.9) –5 (5.4) 66 (4.1) 550 (3.8) 6 (5.5) 1 (0.0) ~ ~ –1 (0.9)
Kuwait 32 (3.7) 341 (8.6) ◊ ◊ 42 (4.4) 332 (6.7) ◊ ◊ 26 (3.4) 304 (8.6) ◊ ◊
Indonesia 28 (3.5) 412 (7.0) ◊ ◊ 27 (3.6) 405 (8.2) ◊ ◊ 46 (4.0) 402 (6.5) ◊ ◊
Morocco r 12 (3.4) 340 (13.8) –18 (6.0) i 15 (3.6) 326 (17.4) –13 (6.3) i 73 (4.5) 324 (9.3) 31 (7.0) h
1 Luxembourg – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
International Avg. 60 (0.6) 503 (0.8) 32 (0.6) 495 (1.1) 7 (0.3) 442 (3.0)
Based on principals’ responses about the degree each was a school problem: classroom
disturbances, cheating, profanity, vandalism, theft, intimidation or verbal abuse of other
students, and physical conflicts among students. Average is computed on a 4-point scale;
Serious problem = 1, Moderate problem = 2, Minor problem = 3, Not a problem = 4. High
level indicates an average of greater than 3 through 4. Medium level indicates an average
of 2 through 3. Low level indicates an average of 1 to less than 2.
( ) Standard errors appear in parentheses. Because results are rounded to the nearest
whole number, some totals may appear inconsistent.
An “r” indicates data are available for 70–84% of the students. An “s” indicates data are
available for 50–69% of the students. An “x” indicates data are available for less than
50% of the students.
h Percent in 2006 significantly higher i Percent in 2006 significantly lower
A dash (–) indicates comparable data are not available. A tilde (~) indicates insufficient
data to report achievement.
A diamond (◊) indicates the country did not participate in the 2001 assessment.
279
NOTE: The International Average does not include the results from the Canadian provinces.
Trend Note: The primary education systems of the Russian Federation and Slovenia
underwent structural changes. Data for Canada, Ontario include only public schools.
1 Primary schools in Luxembourg do not have principals.
PIRLS 2006
4th Grade
SOURCE: IEA Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) 2006