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conclusions in this BiOp regarding hydrologic effects of the action, NMFS compares the effects of the proposed action to the Klamath River natural flow regime. NMFS acknowledges that the historic discharge dataset at Keno is limited and likely does not represent the full range of hydrologic conditions that occurred in the 1981-2011 POR. The 1981-2011 POR contains both extremely wet (e.g. 1982, 1983, and 1984) and extremely dry (e.g., 1991, 1992, and 1994) water years which likely encompasses the full range of hydrologic conditions NMFS expects to occur in the next 10 years. The long term rainfall record for Klamath Falls, Oregon suggests that the 1905-1913 period had slightly above average precipitation, (i.e., 104 percent of average for the period 1905 through 1994) with slightly above average runoff for much of the upper Klamath Basin (Hecht and Kamaan 1996). However, the 1905-1913 annual hydrographs were likely not representative of the full range of hydrologic conditions because very wet and very dry annual hydrographs appear to be absent from this period (Trush 2007). 11.4.1.1.1 Characteristics of the Natural Flow Regime Reclamation proposes to manage flows in the Klamath River in a manner that approximates the natural hydrograph, represented by real-time climatological and hydrological conditions. For this discussion, the natural hydrograph is defined by the 1905-1913 discharge dataset at Keno, Oregon (Figure 11.4). The 1905-1913 Keno discharge dataset represents historic and relatively unimpaired river flow before implementation of the Klamath Project and other human caused factors influencing the current hydrological baseline (e.g., PacifiCorp’s dams, off-Project water users). Reclamation’s actions of storing and delivering Project water, and meeting ESA needs of endangered suckers, combined with other factors outside of Reclamation’s discretion, limit the volume of water available for Reclamation to approximate the natural hydrograph (Figure 11.4). Based upon our evaluation, greater than one third of the median annual UKL net inflow (1105 TAF) is diverted to the Project annually. Under the proposed action, the average daily hydrograph at Keno, Oregon approximates the shape of the natural hydrograph but will have a lower magnitude and duration of peak discharge with a shift of more than one month, from the end of April to the middle of March, relative to the historic average daily hydrograph at Keno for the 1905-1913 period (Figure 11.4). Additionally, spring and summer discharge is substantially reduced. Historically, Klamath River discharge did not reach base (minimum) flow until September. After implementation of the Project, minimum flows occur in the beginning of July, a shift earlier in base flow minimum of roughly two months. The proposed action hydrograph at IGD has a similar shape to the proposed action hydrograph at Keno and illustrates the characteristics of the flow regime (shape, timing, and variability) evidenced at Keno, but IGD has a higher peak magnitude and flow volume due to accretions between Keno and Iron Gate dams (Figures 11.4 and 11.5). 249
Figure 11.4. Proposed action, historic and observed average daily Klamath River discharge at Keno, Oregon. The 1905-1913 dataset represents historic and relatively unimpaired river flow before implementation of the Klamath Project. Proposed action average daily discharge was calculated for water years 1981-2011 based on a 7-day moving average. Figure 11.5. Proposed action and observed average daily Klamath River discharge at IGD. proposed action average daily discharge was calculated for water years 1981-2011 based on a 7-day moving average. 250
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National Marine Fisheries Service U
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7.4.5 LRS and SNS Population Dynami
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11.1.5 Critical Assumptions .......
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16 APPENDICIES ....................
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Table 8.2 UKL end-of-month elevatio
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1. The act
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Figure 11.17. Coho salmon fry habit
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS Abbrevia
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Abbreviation/Acronym YTEP WDFW WRIM
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In 2001, the Services issued BiOps
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Findings of Fact and Order of Deter
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proposed changes to the vegetation
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Figure 3.1. The action area for Rec
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4 PROPOSED ACTION Reclamation propo
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4.2 Element Two Operate the Project
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October 1 and March 1. The proposed
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Reclamation incorporated the 1981 t
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Provide Project irrigation deliveri
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Table 4.3. UKL fill rate adjustment
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Table 4.5. Calculation of fall/wint
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Flows below IGD are ultimately the
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The EWA, Project Supply, and UKL Re
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Table 4.8. Environmental Water Acco
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eleases somewhat on the ascending l
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fish disease, die off, entrainment,
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acre-feet when the Project Supply c
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Table 4.11. Monthly maximum Lower K
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4.2.4 Ramp-Down Rates at Iron Gate
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progresses and EWA volumes are upda
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O&M activities are carried out eith
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1. The A Canal has six headgates th
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Therefore, Reclamation proposes to
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coordinate with the NMFS to develop
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the confluence with Omogar Creek at
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though several major improvements t
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Sucker larvae transform into age-0
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units: (1) Clear Lake; (2) Tule Lak
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Figure 7.2. Adult spawning populati
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Table 7.1. Estimated LRS and SNS ad
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1905, Ch. 567, 33 Stat. 714). The P
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Figure 7.4 Modeled April through No
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7.9.2 Klamath Basin The Oregon Clim
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A change in mean precipitation rang
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Table 7.2 Impaired water bodies wit
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Table 7.3 Seasonal comparisons of p
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ammonia that is lethal to 50 percen
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Table 7.4 Estimated external phosph
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examination of juvenile suckers fro
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Evaluation of baseline hydrology in
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2012 1931 through 2012 12.6% 0.24 5
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The overall water year trend (Table
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Figure 7.7 Sprague River trends, wa
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Figure 7.9 Sprague River trends, wa
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Figure 7.12 Williamson River trends
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Figure 7.14 UKL trends, water years
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Figure 7.17 UKL: net inflow departu
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7.10.3.3 Competition and Predation
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By late July, surviving larval suck
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Threat Nature of Threat Life Stage
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2011) and increased adult spawning
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Based on the best available informa
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contrast, water levels began 1.5 ft
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evaporation and seepage estimated a
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prolonged low oxygen conditions if
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The April through September 4,034.6
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8 EFFECTS OF THE ACTION ON LOST RIV
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Although the volume of Project wate
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than 1 m), and fitting one or more
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Figure 8.3. UKL elevations at the e
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Services and Reclamation will deter
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For cumulative net inflow values be
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Figure 8.8. UKL elevations at the e
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Figure 8.10. UKL elevations at the
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Figure 8.12. UKL elevations at the
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natural and man-caused changes in i
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Table 8.1 UKL end-of-month surface
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UKL. Based on best available inform
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larvae in UKL. Annual production of
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Table 8.5 UKL end-of-month elevatio
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Based on our review of the literatu
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into the Pelican Bay water quality
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We assume that UKL surface elevatio
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vary by several orders of magnitude
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survival rates, we know that some o
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populations, and contains the large
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8.3.5.1 Effects to Adult Sucker Spa
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Table 8.8 Clear Lake surface elevat
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occur, especially in the west lobe.
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Table 8.9 End of the month surface
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8.3.7.4 Effects of Entrainment Loss
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The source of the sediment is unkno
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period when they migrate upstream t
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limited LRS and SNS persistence in
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term and localized and because fish
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8.5.1 Canal Salvage Reclamation pro
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high predation rates and failure of
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include the Klamath Basin Rangeland
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Figure 9.1 Designated CHUs for the
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These are discussed in greater deta
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The proposed action will have no ef
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No other spawning habitat exists be
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consulted on. Current monitoring da
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proposed action and this PCE suppor
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Because of a multi-decade lack of r
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Adverse effects of the proposed act
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that juvenile survival is most like
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elocation effort in Lake Ewauna to
Page 215 and 216: LRS and SNS population resiliency o
Page 217 and 218: stratum 4 (Interior Klamath) in whi
Page 219 and 220: Pacific salmonids Oncorhynchus spp.
Page 221 and 222: scenario, actions and elements of t
Page 223 and 224: flow prescriptions should mimic pro
Page 225 and 226: 11.2.1 Current Condition of Critica
Page 227 and 228: 11.2.2 Factors Affecting SONCC Coho
Page 229 and 230: e disoriented or displaced downstre
Page 231 and 232: enhancement, and rehabilitative act
Page 233 and 234: Water Temperature Sedimentation Org
Page 235 and 236: Figure 11.1 Longitudinal and season
Page 237 and 238: functioning floodplains that fail t
Page 239 and 240: downstream of IGD, (2) enhance coho
Page 241 and 242: few local ranchers and water distri
Page 243 and 244: in some tributaries, access to and
Page 245 and 246: 11.3.7 Summary of Critical Habitat
Page 247 and 248: these two time periods, the effects
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Page 251 and 252: The PacifiCorp habitat conservation
Page 253 and 254: IGD, or used in constructed habitat
Page 255 and 256: estoration, watershed planning, sal
Page 257 and 258: Table 11.4. Modeled suspended sedim
Page 259 and 260: parasites Ceratomyxa shasta (causes
Page 261 and 262: that become infected is estimated t
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Page 265: minimizing disease risks, the detai
Page 269 and 270: Figure 11.6. Proposed action weekly
Page 271 and 272: Figure 11.9. Regression between EWA
Page 273 and 274: Figure 11.11. Proposed action and o
Page 275 and 276: Figure 11.12. Number of days per wa
Page 277 and 278: Figure 11.14. Monthly coefficient o
Page 279 and 280: IGD. The proposed action modeled da
Page 281 and 282: The results from Table 11.7 indicat
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Page 287 and 288: Table 11.9. Daily average mainstem
Page 289 and 290: Table 11.10. Daily average mainstem
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Page 293 and 294: The proposed action results in agri
Page 295 and 296: Figure 11.21. Monthly mean of daily
Page 297 and 298: Riparian restoration projects will
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Page 301 and 302: Table 11.13. Annual percent of proj
Page 303 and 304: esource needs as they grow, and 3)
Page 305 and 306: 11.5.2 Klamath River Basin Adjudica
Page 307 and 308: coho salmon within the Klamath Rive
Page 309 and 310: aspects of a natural flow regime th
Page 311 and 312: element of coho salmon critical hab
Page 313 and 314: 12.1.1.1 Risk Analyses for Endanger
Page 315 and 316: ESU DIVERSITY STRATA POPULATIONS IN
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eproduction, and distribution. The
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Figure 12.2. Historic population st
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the average ratio of IP-km to total
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Although long-term data on coho sal
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1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
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maintain viable abundances in many
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12.2.5.5 Viability Summary Though p
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coastal currents and upwelling, kno
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12.2.6.2 Marine Derived Nutrients M
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fisheries south of Cape Falcon, Ore
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12.3 Environmental Baseline of Coho
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water temperatures up to 19 ºC in
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some coho salmon smolts may stop mi
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threshold, all Klamath River coho s
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abundance threshold (Table 12.3). T
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mainstem Klamath and Trinity rivers
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Although there are risks to Klamath
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activities are generally beneficial
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12.4 Effects to Individuals The pro
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12.4.1.2 Response 12.4.1.2.1 Adults
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(2012) believes is representative o
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genotype II density of 5 spores/L w
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flows provide a limit to the increa
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polychaete and sediment disturbance
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which will likely result in a relat
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etween Trees of Heaven (RM 172) and
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action. Reclamation estimated that
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Based on literature, increased comp
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Table 12.6. Summary of risks result
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most juveniles. Stream flow diversi
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at most fish relocation sites, base
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higher, the minimally increased sed
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Small pulses of moderately turbid w
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Boulder faces in the deflector stru
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conditions may fail if those condit
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Adverse effects of the proposed act
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Potential Stressor Habitat Reductio
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Potential Stressor Elevated water t
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12.6.2 Effects of fitness consequen
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13 INCIDENTAL TAKE STATEMENT Sectio
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Table 13.1 Summary of maximum annua
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in fewer larvae and juveniles, and
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Table 13.2 Estimated annual maximum
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1.2.1.8. Incidental Take Caused by
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characteristics of aquatic species,
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Table 13.5 Expected annual Environm
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Cause of Incidental Take Habitat Re
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Clear Lake, Gerber Reservoir, and T
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This term and condition is requirin
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13.4 Mandatory Monitoring and Repor
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Required hydrologic monitoring incl
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Table 13.7. Summary of LRS and SNS
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T&C or Mandatory Monitoring Mandato
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Table 13.9 Summary of reporting and
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Table 13.10 Summary of meetings req
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the above QA/QC procedures describe
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Barry, P.M., E.C. Janney, D.A. Hewi
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Burdick, S.M. and J. Rasmussen. 201
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Dunsmoor, L., L. Basdekas, B. Wood,
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Garen, D. 2011, Upper Klamath Basin
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Janney, E.C., B.S. Hayes, D.A. Hewi
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Laenen, A., and A.P. LeTourneau. 19
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Miller, R.R., and G.R. Smith. 1981.
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Perkins, D.L., and G.G. Scoppettone
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(Deltistes luxatus) in Tule and Cle
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Terwilliger, M. 2006. Physical habi
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USBR [U.S. Bureau of Reclamation].
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Williams, J.E. 2000. Chapter 13. Th
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Arthington, A.H., S.E. Bunn, N.L. P
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Beeman, J., S. Juhnke, G. Stutzer a
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Brommer, J.E. 2000. The evolution o
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Department of the Army Regional Gen
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Chilcote, M. W. 2003. Relationship
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Dunsmoor LK, and Huntington CW. 200
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Foott, J.S., R. Stone, E. Wiseman,
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Habera, J.W., R.J. Strange, B.D. Ca
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Hemstreet, T. 2013. Electronic mail
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Jordan, M. S. 2012. Hydraulic predi
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Kostow, K. E., A. R. Marshall and S
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MacFarlane, R. B., S. Hayes, and B.
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Moyle, P. B. 2002. Inland Fishes of
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PacifiCorp Klamath Hydroelectric Pr
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Oregon Department of Environmental
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Puckridge, J. T., F. Sheldon, K. F.
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Ring, T.E. and B. Watson. 1999. Eff
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Sommer, T. R., M. L. Nobriga, W. C.
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Taylor, R. 1991. A review of local
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USFWS [U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv
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Ward G, and Armstrong N. 2010. Asse
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Winker, K., J. H. Rappole, and M. A
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77 FR 476. National Marine Fisherie
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UKL Elevation (feet) Active Storage
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16.2 Appendix B: Elevation Flow Dat
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490
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Week of Water Year 1981 1982 1983 1
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Water Year October November Decembe
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16.3 Appendix C: Description of Res
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4. Removal of Small Dams (permanent
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Information regarding consideration
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9. Piping Ditches a. Project Descri
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. Site-Specific Restrictions Restri
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6. Protection Measures The followin
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to enter or be placed where they co
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shall be distributed throughout the
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weed free straw, silt fences) are i
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the project is located, and compris
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2. Post Construction Monitoring and
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Median Seasonal Flow (acre-feet) Me
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Median Seasonal Net Inflow (acre-fe
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16.5 Appendix E: Observed and Model
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Observed and modeled proposed actio
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Observed and modeled proposed actio
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16.6 Appendix F: Analyzing the rela
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Table 1. Paired comparison of the c
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Table 3. The difference in the mean
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