Biological Opinions - Bureau of Reclamation

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the risk of concluding a statistically significant trend exists when, in fact, no significant trend exists (the risk of rejecting the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is actually true). For example, an alpha of 0.10 states that a 10 percent risk of incorrectly concluding a trend exists is acceptable whereas an alpha of 0.01 states the acceptable risk of error is 1 percent. The p-value calculated by the Mann-Kendall test is compared to the chosen alpha value. The p-value is the probability that the statistical outcome will occur if no trend exists–it provides an assessment of the strength of the scientific evidence. Therefore, a p-value less than alpha is determined to be statistically significant (in other words, a trend exists) and a p-value greater than the alpha is determined to be not significant (no trend is detectable). Trends in median seasonal and water year net inflow to UKL during the most recent approximate two decades (1991 through 2012 and 2001 through 2012 [22 and 12 years, respectively]) almost universally demonstrate a linear trend of increasing net inflow superimposed on shorter duration episodes of changing inflow patterns; however, the trends are not statistically significant based on the criteria discussed below. Conversely, trends in net inflow to UKL during the 1981 through 2012 (32-year) period indicate a statistically significant decline in seasonal and annual flows. When examined over multiple time frames and in more detail, trends are complex and suggest both increasing and decreasing net inflows depending on season and the specific set of years analyzed. In general, median seasonal flows in the Sprague and Williamson rivers have increased from the early 1920s through 2012. However, that trend changed in the 1940s and flows in the Sprague and Williamson Rivers exhibit an overall statistically significant decrease from the 1940s through 2012 (Tables 7.5 through 7.8). 7.10.2.1 Seasonal and Water Year Changes in Sprague and Williamson Rivers and Upper Klamath Lake Net Inflow Percent changes in flow in the Sprague and Williamson Rivers and net inflow to UKL for various seasons over selected time periods are shown in Table 7.5 through Table 7.8. Shading indicates trends that are statistically significant at the selected alpha of 0.10. Values in unshaded cells may indicate a trend, however, the available evidence are insufficient to conclude there is a trend within the selected significance level. During the October through February season (Table 7.5), the most striking trend is the statistically valid decline in flows for the periods beginning in 1941, 1951, 1961, 1971, and 1981, and ending in 2012. No statistically significant trend is present in the 1991 and 2001 through 2012 periods. Table 7.5 Percent change in October through February median monthly flows in the Sprague and Williamson Rivers and net inflow to UKL, 1918 through 2012. Mann-Kendall Trend Test Results: October through February Sprague River Williamson River Upper Klamath Lake Time Period % change p-value 1 % change p-value 1 % change p-value 1 1918 or 1921 through 22.4% 0.02 7.2% 0.33 -- -- 81
2012 1931 through 2012 12.6% 0.24 5.4% 0.46 -- -- 1941 through 2012 -12.0% 0.15 -16.4% 0.06 -- -- 1951 through 2012 -26.4%
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National Marine Fisheries Service U
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7.4.5 LRS and SNS Population Dynami
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11.1.5 Critical Assumptions .......
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16 APPENDICIES ....................
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Table 8.2 UKL end-of-month elevatio
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1. The act
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Figure 11.17. Coho salmon fry habit
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS Abbrevia
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Abbreviation/Acronym YTEP WDFW WRIM
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In 2001, the Services issued BiOps
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Findings of Fact and Order of Deter
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proposed changes to the vegetation
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Figure 3.1. The action area for Rec
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4 PROPOSED ACTION Reclamation propo
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4.2 Element Two Operate the Project
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October 1 and March 1. The proposed
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Reclamation incorporated the 1981 t
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Provide Project irrigation deliveri
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Table 4.3. UKL fill rate adjustment
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Table 4.5. Calculation of fall/wint
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Flows below IGD are ultimately the
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The EWA, Project Supply, and UKL Re
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Table 4.8. Environmental Water Acco
Page 47 and 48: eleases somewhat on the ascending l
Page 49 and 50: fish disease, die off, entrainment,
Page 51 and 52: acre-feet when the Project Supply c
Page 53 and 54: Table 4.11. Monthly maximum Lower K
Page 55 and 56: 4.2.4 Ramp-Down Rates at Iron Gate
Page 57 and 58: progresses and EWA volumes are upda
Page 59 and 60: O&M activities are carried out eith
Page 61 and 62: 1. The A Canal has six headgates th
Page 63 and 64: Therefore, Reclamation proposes to
Page 65 and 66: coordinate with the NMFS to develop
Page 67 and 68: the confluence with Omogar Creek at
Page 69 and 70: though several major improvements t
Page 71 and 72: Sucker larvae transform into age-0
Page 73 and 74: units: (1) Clear Lake; (2) Tule Lak
Page 75 and 76: Figure 7.2. Adult spawning populati
Page 77 and 78: Table 7.1. Estimated LRS and SNS ad
Page 79 and 80: 1905, Ch. 567, 33 Stat. 714). The P
Page 81 and 82: Figure 7.4 Modeled April through No
Page 83 and 84: 7.9.2 Klamath Basin The Oregon Clim
Page 85 and 86: A change in mean precipitation rang
Page 87 and 88: Table 7.2 Impaired water bodies wit
Page 89 and 90: Table 7.3 Seasonal comparisons of p
Page 91 and 92: ammonia that is lethal to 50 percen
Page 93 and 94: Table 7.4 Estimated external phosph
Page 95 and 96: examination of juvenile suckers fro
Page 97: Evaluation of baseline hydrology in
Page 101 and 102: The overall water year trend (Table
Page 103 and 104: Figure 7.7 Sprague River trends, wa
Page 105 and 106: Figure 7.9 Sprague River trends, wa
Page 107 and 108: Figure 7.12 Williamson River trends
Page 109 and 110: Figure 7.14 UKL trends, water years
Page 111 and 112: Figure 7.17 UKL: net inflow departu
Page 113 and 114: 7.10.3.3 Competition and Predation
Page 115 and 116: By late July, surviving larval suck
Page 117 and 118: Threat Nature of Threat Life Stage
Page 119 and 120: 2011) and increased adult spawning
Page 121 and 122: Based on the best available informa
Page 123 and 124: contrast, water levels began 1.5 ft
Page 125 and 126: evaporation and seepage estimated a
Page 127 and 128: prolonged low oxygen conditions if
Page 129 and 130: The April through September 4,034.6
Page 131 and 132: 8 EFFECTS OF THE ACTION ON LOST RIV
Page 133 and 134: Although the volume of Project wate
Page 135 and 136: than 1 m), and fitting one or more
Page 137 and 138: Figure 8.3. UKL elevations at the e
Page 139 and 140: Services and Reclamation will deter
Page 141 and 142: For cumulative net inflow values be
Page 143 and 144: Figure 8.8. UKL elevations at the e
Page 145 and 146: Figure 8.10. UKL elevations at the
Page 147 and 148: Figure 8.12. UKL elevations at the
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natural and man-caused changes in i
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Table 8.1 UKL end-of-month surface
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UKL. Based on best available inform
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larvae in UKL. Annual production of
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Table 8.5 UKL end-of-month elevatio
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Based on our review of the literatu
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into the Pelican Bay water quality
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We assume that UKL surface elevatio
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vary by several orders of magnitude
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survival rates, we know that some o
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populations, and contains the large
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8.3.5.1 Effects to Adult Sucker Spa
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Table 8.8 Clear Lake surface elevat
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occur, especially in the west lobe.
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Table 8.9 End of the month surface
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8.3.7.4 Effects of Entrainment Loss
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The source of the sediment is unkno
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period when they migrate upstream t
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limited LRS and SNS persistence in
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term and localized and because fish
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8.5.1 Canal Salvage Reclamation pro
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high predation rates and failure of
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include the Klamath Basin Rangeland
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Figure 9.1 Designated CHUs for the
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These are discussed in greater deta
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The proposed action will have no ef
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No other spawning habitat exists be
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consulted on. Current monitoring da
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proposed action and this PCE suppor
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Because of a multi-decade lack of r
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Adverse effects of the proposed act
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that juvenile survival is most like
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elocation effort in Lake Ewauna to
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LRS and SNS population resiliency o
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stratum 4 (Interior Klamath) in whi
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Pacific salmonids Oncorhynchus spp.
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scenario, actions and elements of t
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flow prescriptions should mimic pro
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11.2.1 Current Condition of Critica
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11.2.2 Factors Affecting SONCC Coho
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e disoriented or displaced downstre
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enhancement, and rehabilitative act
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Water Temperature Sedimentation Org
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Figure 11.1 Longitudinal and season
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functioning floodplains that fail t
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downstream of IGD, (2) enhance coho
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few local ranchers and water distri
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in some tributaries, access to and
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11.3.7 Summary of Critical Habitat
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these two time periods, the effects
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consists of approximately 29,000 ac
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The PacifiCorp habitat conservation
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IGD, or used in constructed habitat
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estoration, watershed planning, sal
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Table 11.4. Modeled suspended sedim
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parasites Ceratomyxa shasta (causes
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that become infected is estimated t
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where snow water equivalent is proj
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minimizing disease risks, the detai
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Figure 11.4. Proposed action, histo
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Figure 11.6. Proposed action weekly
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Figure 11.9. Regression between EWA
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Figure 11.11. Proposed action and o
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Figure 11.12. Number of days per wa
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Figure 11.14. Monthly coefficient o
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IGD. The proposed action modeled da
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The results from Table 11.7 indicat
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likely to increase the quantity of
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habitat decreases between the Shast
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Table 11.9. Daily average mainstem
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Table 11.10. Daily average mainstem
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5% 3336 13176 27664 26168 30946 237
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The proposed action results in agri
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Figure 11.21. Monthly mean of daily
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Riparian restoration projects will
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expected to be typical riparian spe
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Table 11.13. Annual percent of proj
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esource needs as they grow, and 3)
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11.5.2 Klamath River Basin Adjudica
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coho salmon within the Klamath Rive
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aspects of a natural flow regime th
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element of coho salmon critical hab
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12.1.1.1 Risk Analyses for Endanger
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ESU DIVERSITY STRATA POPULATIONS IN
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eproduction, and distribution. The
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Figure 12.2. Historic population st
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the average ratio of IP-km to total
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Although long-term data on coho sal
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1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
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maintain viable abundances in many
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12.2.5.5 Viability Summary Though p
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coastal currents and upwelling, kno
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12.2.6.2 Marine Derived Nutrients M
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fisheries south of Cape Falcon, Ore
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12.3 Environmental Baseline of Coho
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water temperatures up to 19 ºC in
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some coho salmon smolts may stop mi
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threshold, all Klamath River coho s
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abundance threshold (Table 12.3). T
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mainstem Klamath and Trinity rivers
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Although there are risks to Klamath
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activities are generally beneficial
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12.4 Effects to Individuals The pro
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12.4.1.2 Response 12.4.1.2.1 Adults
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(2012) believes is representative o
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genotype II density of 5 spores/L w
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flows provide a limit to the increa
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polychaete and sediment disturbance
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which will likely result in a relat
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etween Trees of Heaven (RM 172) and
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action. Reclamation estimated that
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Based on literature, increased comp
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Table 12.6. Summary of risks result
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most juveniles. Stream flow diversi
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at most fish relocation sites, base
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higher, the minimally increased sed
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Small pulses of moderately turbid w
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Boulder faces in the deflector stru
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conditions may fail if those condit
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Adverse effects of the proposed act
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Potential Stressor Habitat Reductio
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Potential Stressor Elevated water t
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12.6.2 Effects of fitness consequen
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13 INCIDENTAL TAKE STATEMENT Sectio
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Table 13.1 Summary of maximum annua
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in fewer larvae and juveniles, and
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Table 13.2 Estimated annual maximum
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1.2.1.8. Incidental Take Caused by
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characteristics of aquatic species,
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Table 13.5 Expected annual Environm
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Cause of Incidental Take Habitat Re
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Clear Lake, Gerber Reservoir, and T
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This term and condition is requirin
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13.4 Mandatory Monitoring and Repor
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Required hydrologic monitoring incl
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Table 13.7. Summary of LRS and SNS
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T&C or Mandatory Monitoring Mandato
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Table 13.9 Summary of reporting and
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Table 13.10 Summary of meetings req
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the above QA/QC procedures describe
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Barry, P.M., E.C. Janney, D.A. Hewi
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Burdick, S.M. and J. Rasmussen. 201
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Dunsmoor, L., L. Basdekas, B. Wood,
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Garen, D. 2011, Upper Klamath Basin
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Janney, E.C., B.S. Hayes, D.A. Hewi
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Laenen, A., and A.P. LeTourneau. 19
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Miller, R.R., and G.R. Smith. 1981.
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Perkins, D.L., and G.G. Scoppettone
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(Deltistes luxatus) in Tule and Cle
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Terwilliger, M. 2006. Physical habi
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USBR [U.S. Bureau of Reclamation].
Page 451 and 452:
Williams, J.E. 2000. Chapter 13. Th
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Arthington, A.H., S.E. Bunn, N.L. P
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Beeman, J., S. Juhnke, G. Stutzer a
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Brommer, J.E. 2000. The evolution o
Page 459 and 460:
Department of the Army Regional Gen
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Chilcote, M. W. 2003. Relationship
Page 463 and 464:
Dunsmoor LK, and Huntington CW. 200
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Foott, J.S., R. Stone, E. Wiseman,
Page 467 and 468:
Habera, J.W., R.J. Strange, B.D. Ca
Page 469 and 470:
Hemstreet, T. 2013. Electronic mail
Page 471 and 472:
Jordan, M. S. 2012. Hydraulic predi
Page 473 and 474:
Kostow, K. E., A. R. Marshall and S
Page 475 and 476:
MacFarlane, R. B., S. Hayes, and B.
Page 477 and 478:
Moyle, P. B. 2002. Inland Fishes of
Page 479 and 480:
PacifiCorp Klamath Hydroelectric Pr
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Oregon Department of Environmental
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Puckridge, J. T., F. Sheldon, K. F.
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Ring, T.E. and B. Watson. 1999. Eff
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Sommer, T. R., M. L. Nobriga, W. C.
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Taylor, R. 1991. A review of local
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USFWS [U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv
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Ward G, and Armstrong N. 2010. Asse
Page 495 and 496:
Winker, K., J. H. Rappole, and M. A
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77 FR 476. National Marine Fisherie
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UKL Elevation (feet) Active Storage
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16.2 Appendix B: Elevation Flow Dat
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490
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Week of Water Year 1981 1982 1983 1
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Water Year October November Decembe
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16.3 Appendix C: Description of Res
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4. Removal of Small Dams (permanent
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Information regarding consideration
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9. Piping Ditches a. Project Descri
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. Site-Specific Restrictions Restri
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6. Protection Measures The followin
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to enter or be placed where they co
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shall be distributed throughout the
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weed free straw, silt fences) are i
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the project is located, and compris
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2. Post Construction Monitoring and
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Median Seasonal Flow (acre-feet) Me
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Median Seasonal Net Inflow (acre-fe
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16.5 Appendix E: Observed and Model
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Observed and modeled proposed actio
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Observed and modeled proposed actio
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16.6 Appendix F: Analyzing the rela
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Table 1. Paired comparison of the c
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Table 3. The difference in the mean
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