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LRSs assayed from UKL (Vanderkooi et al. 2010); and parasites, including Neascus spp., a trematode flatworm (Simon et al. 2012, Markle et al. 2013), anchor worm (Lernaea cyprinacea), a parasitic copepod (Simon et al. 2012), Trichodina sp., an external ciliate protozoan; and the bacterium Flavobacterium columnare, which causes gill rot (Holt 1997, Foott 2004, Foott et al. 2010). Markle et al. (2013) recently estimated an additional 3.7 percent daily mortality for juvenile SNSs that were infected with Neascus spp. (black spot disease) compared to uninfected individuals. There is new information concerning the bacterial flora on the skin of juvenile suckers (Burdick et al. 2009b), but it is unknown if this negatively affects the fish. The LRS and the SNS are known to have at least two groups of multicellular, invertebrate parasites: Neascus and Lernaea. Neascus, or “black-spot disease,” is a catch-all term for a group of trematode flatworms that cause similar infections in fish (Kirse 2010). The larval trematodes (a parasitic flat worm)burrow under the skin of the fish, resulting in a black cyst. The Neascus life cycle progresses through snails, then fish, and finally a fish-eating bird, all of which are seasonally numerous at UKL. Parasitic infections can cause physiological stress, blood loss, decreased growth rates, reduced swimming performance, lower overwinter fitness, and mortality, especially in small fish (Marcogliese 2004, Kirse 2010, Ferguson et al. 2011). In some instances, parasites can also make hosts more vulnerable to predators by affecting their morphology and/or behavior (Marcogliese 2004). Limited evidence is beginning to emerge concerning the effects of these parasites on listed Klamath suckers and it shows that parasites are likely an important source of mortality for age-0 SNS (Markle et al. 2013). 7.4 LRS and SNS Life History The LRS and the SNS are adapted to lake environments. The LRS is the only extant member of the genus Deltistes (Miller and Smith 1967), and the SNS is one of three recognized species in the genus Chasmistes (Moyle 2002). Both species are relatively large, with a maximum size between 24 to 31 in (61 and 80 cm). The LRS and the SNS feed on zooplankton and small benthic invertebrates taken from or near soft substrates (Scoppettone and Vinyard 1991). Both species spawn from February through May over rocky substrates in habitats less than 4 ft (1.2 m) deep in rivers and at shoreline springs (Buettner and Scoppettone 1990). In UKL, it appears that more than 95 percent of adults spawn every year (Hewitt et al. 2012). Females are highly fecund, producing from 44,000 to over 200,000 eggs per LRS female and 18,000 to 72,000 per SNS female per year, of which only a very small percentage survive to become juveniles (NRC 2004). Females typically broadcast their eggs in the company of two males (Buettner and Scoppettone 1990), and the fertilized eggs settle within the top few inches of the substrate until hatching 1 week later. Approximately 10 days after hatching, larvae emerge out of the substrate (Buettner and Scoppettone 1990). Most larvae spawned in streams quickly drift downstream into lake habitat. Larval movement away from the spawning grounds begins in April and is typically completed by July (Klamath Tribes 1996, Tyler et al. 2004, Ellsworth et al. 2010). Once in lake habitats, SNS larvae predominantly use nearshore areas adjacent to and within emergent vegetation (Klamath Tribes 1996, Cooperman and Markle 2004, Crandall et al. 2008), but LRS larvae tend to occur more often in open water habitat (Burdick and Brown 2010) than near vegetated areas. 53
Sucker larvae transform into age-0 juveniles at about 1 inch (less than 3 cm) total length by mid- July. Age-0, which are individuals younger than 1 year, juvenile SNS primarily use relatively shallow (
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National Marine Fisheries Service U
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7.4.5 LRS and SNS Population Dynami
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11.1.5 Critical Assumptions .......
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16 APPENDICIES ....................
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Table 8.2 UKL end-of-month elevatio
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1. The act
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Figure 11.17. Coho salmon fry habit
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS Abbrevia
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Abbreviation/Acronym YTEP WDFW WRIM
Page 19 and 20: In 2001, the Services issued BiOps
Page 21 and 22: Findings of Fact and Order of Deter
Page 23 and 24: proposed changes to the vegetation
Page 25 and 26: Figure 3.1. The action area for Rec
Page 27 and 28: 4 PROPOSED ACTION Reclamation propo
Page 29 and 30: 4.2 Element Two Operate the Project
Page 31 and 32: October 1 and March 1. The proposed
Page 33 and 34: Reclamation incorporated the 1981 t
Page 35 and 36: Provide Project irrigation deliveri
Page 37 and 38: Table 4.3. UKL fill rate adjustment
Page 39 and 40: Table 4.5. Calculation of fall/wint
Page 41 and 42: Flows below IGD are ultimately the
Page 43 and 44: The EWA, Project Supply, and UKL Re
Page 45 and 46: Table 4.8. Environmental Water Acco
Page 47 and 48: eleases somewhat on the ascending l
Page 49 and 50: fish disease, die off, entrainment,
Page 51 and 52: acre-feet when the Project Supply c
Page 53 and 54: Table 4.11. Monthly maximum Lower K
Page 55 and 56: 4.2.4 Ramp-Down Rates at Iron Gate
Page 57 and 58: progresses and EWA volumes are upda
Page 59 and 60: O&M activities are carried out eith
Page 61 and 62: 1. The A Canal has six headgates th
Page 63 and 64: Therefore, Reclamation proposes to
Page 65 and 66: coordinate with the NMFS to develop
Page 67 and 68: the confluence with Omogar Creek at
Page 69: though several major improvements t
Page 73 and 74: units: (1) Clear Lake; (2) Tule Lak
Page 75 and 76: Figure 7.2. Adult spawning populati
Page 77 and 78: Table 7.1. Estimated LRS and SNS ad
Page 79 and 80: 1905, Ch. 567, 33 Stat. 714). The P
Page 81 and 82: Figure 7.4 Modeled April through No
Page 83 and 84: 7.9.2 Klamath Basin The Oregon Clim
Page 85 and 86: A change in mean precipitation rang
Page 87 and 88: Table 7.2 Impaired water bodies wit
Page 89 and 90: Table 7.3 Seasonal comparisons of p
Page 91 and 92: ammonia that is lethal to 50 percen
Page 93 and 94: Table 7.4 Estimated external phosph
Page 95 and 96: examination of juvenile suckers fro
Page 97 and 98: Evaluation of baseline hydrology in
Page 99 and 100: 2012 1931 through 2012 12.6% 0.24 5
Page 101 and 102: The overall water year trend (Table
Page 103 and 104: Figure 7.7 Sprague River trends, wa
Page 105 and 106: Figure 7.9 Sprague River trends, wa
Page 107 and 108: Figure 7.12 Williamson River trends
Page 109 and 110: Figure 7.14 UKL trends, water years
Page 111 and 112: Figure 7.17 UKL: net inflow departu
Page 113 and 114: 7.10.3.3 Competition and Predation
Page 115 and 116: By late July, surviving larval suck
Page 117 and 118: Threat Nature of Threat Life Stage
Page 119 and 120: 2011) and increased adult spawning
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Based on the best available informa
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contrast, water levels began 1.5 ft
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evaporation and seepage estimated a
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prolonged low oxygen conditions if
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The April through September 4,034.6
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8 EFFECTS OF THE ACTION ON LOST RIV
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Although the volume of Project wate
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than 1 m), and fitting one or more
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Figure 8.3. UKL elevations at the e
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Services and Reclamation will deter
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For cumulative net inflow values be
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Figure 8.8. UKL elevations at the e
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Figure 8.10. UKL elevations at the
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Figure 8.12. UKL elevations at the
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natural and man-caused changes in i
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Table 8.1 UKL end-of-month surface
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UKL. Based on best available inform
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larvae in UKL. Annual production of
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Table 8.5 UKL end-of-month elevatio
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Based on our review of the literatu
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into the Pelican Bay water quality
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We assume that UKL surface elevatio
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vary by several orders of magnitude
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survival rates, we know that some o
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populations, and contains the large
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8.3.5.1 Effects to Adult Sucker Spa
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Table 8.8 Clear Lake surface elevat
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occur, especially in the west lobe.
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Table 8.9 End of the month surface
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8.3.7.4 Effects of Entrainment Loss
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The source of the sediment is unkno
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period when they migrate upstream t
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limited LRS and SNS persistence in
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term and localized and because fish
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8.5.1 Canal Salvage Reclamation pro
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high predation rates and failure of
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include the Klamath Basin Rangeland
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Figure 9.1 Designated CHUs for the
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These are discussed in greater deta
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The proposed action will have no ef
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No other spawning habitat exists be
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consulted on. Current monitoring da
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proposed action and this PCE suppor
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Because of a multi-decade lack of r
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Adverse effects of the proposed act
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that juvenile survival is most like
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elocation effort in Lake Ewauna to
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LRS and SNS population resiliency o
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stratum 4 (Interior Klamath) in whi
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Pacific salmonids Oncorhynchus spp.
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scenario, actions and elements of t
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flow prescriptions should mimic pro
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11.2.1 Current Condition of Critica
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11.2.2 Factors Affecting SONCC Coho
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e disoriented or displaced downstre
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enhancement, and rehabilitative act
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Water Temperature Sedimentation Org
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Figure 11.1 Longitudinal and season
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functioning floodplains that fail t
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downstream of IGD, (2) enhance coho
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few local ranchers and water distri
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in some tributaries, access to and
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11.3.7 Summary of Critical Habitat
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these two time periods, the effects
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consists of approximately 29,000 ac
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The PacifiCorp habitat conservation
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IGD, or used in constructed habitat
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estoration, watershed planning, sal
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Table 11.4. Modeled suspended sedim
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parasites Ceratomyxa shasta (causes
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that become infected is estimated t
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where snow water equivalent is proj
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minimizing disease risks, the detai
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Figure 11.4. Proposed action, histo
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Figure 11.6. Proposed action weekly
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Figure 11.9. Regression between EWA
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Figure 11.11. Proposed action and o
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Figure 11.12. Number of days per wa
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Figure 11.14. Monthly coefficient o
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IGD. The proposed action modeled da
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The results from Table 11.7 indicat
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likely to increase the quantity of
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habitat decreases between the Shast
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Table 11.9. Daily average mainstem
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Table 11.10. Daily average mainstem
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5% 3336 13176 27664 26168 30946 237
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The proposed action results in agri
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Figure 11.21. Monthly mean of daily
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Riparian restoration projects will
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expected to be typical riparian spe
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Table 11.13. Annual percent of proj
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esource needs as they grow, and 3)
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11.5.2 Klamath River Basin Adjudica
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coho salmon within the Klamath Rive
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aspects of a natural flow regime th
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element of coho salmon critical hab
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12.1.1.1 Risk Analyses for Endanger
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ESU DIVERSITY STRATA POPULATIONS IN
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eproduction, and distribution. The
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Figure 12.2. Historic population st
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the average ratio of IP-km to total
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Although long-term data on coho sal
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1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
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maintain viable abundances in many
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12.2.5.5 Viability Summary Though p
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coastal currents and upwelling, kno
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12.2.6.2 Marine Derived Nutrients M
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fisheries south of Cape Falcon, Ore
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12.3 Environmental Baseline of Coho
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water temperatures up to 19 ºC in
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some coho salmon smolts may stop mi
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threshold, all Klamath River coho s
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abundance threshold (Table 12.3). T
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mainstem Klamath and Trinity rivers
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Although there are risks to Klamath
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activities are generally beneficial
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12.4 Effects to Individuals The pro
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12.4.1.2 Response 12.4.1.2.1 Adults
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(2012) believes is representative o
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genotype II density of 5 spores/L w
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flows provide a limit to the increa
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polychaete and sediment disturbance
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which will likely result in a relat
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etween Trees of Heaven (RM 172) and
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action. Reclamation estimated that
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Based on literature, increased comp
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Table 12.6. Summary of risks result
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most juveniles. Stream flow diversi
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at most fish relocation sites, base
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higher, the minimally increased sed
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Small pulses of moderately turbid w
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Boulder faces in the deflector stru
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conditions may fail if those condit
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Adverse effects of the proposed act
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Potential Stressor Habitat Reductio
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Potential Stressor Elevated water t
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12.6.2 Effects of fitness consequen
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13 INCIDENTAL TAKE STATEMENT Sectio
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Table 13.1 Summary of maximum annua
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in fewer larvae and juveniles, and
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Table 13.2 Estimated annual maximum
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1.2.1.8. Incidental Take Caused by
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characteristics of aquatic species,
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Table 13.5 Expected annual Environm
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Cause of Incidental Take Habitat Re
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Clear Lake, Gerber Reservoir, and T
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This term and condition is requirin
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13.4 Mandatory Monitoring and Repor
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Required hydrologic monitoring incl
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Table 13.7. Summary of LRS and SNS
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T&C or Mandatory Monitoring Mandato
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Table 13.9 Summary of reporting and
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Table 13.10 Summary of meetings req
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the above QA/QC procedures describe
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Barry, P.M., E.C. Janney, D.A. Hewi
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Burdick, S.M. and J. Rasmussen. 201
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Dunsmoor, L., L. Basdekas, B. Wood,
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Garen, D. 2011, Upper Klamath Basin
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Janney, E.C., B.S. Hayes, D.A. Hewi
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Laenen, A., and A.P. LeTourneau. 19
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Miller, R.R., and G.R. Smith. 1981.
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Perkins, D.L., and G.G. Scoppettone
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(Deltistes luxatus) in Tule and Cle
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Terwilliger, M. 2006. Physical habi
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USBR [U.S. Bureau of Reclamation].
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Williams, J.E. 2000. Chapter 13. Th
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Arthington, A.H., S.E. Bunn, N.L. P
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Beeman, J., S. Juhnke, G. Stutzer a
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Brommer, J.E. 2000. The evolution o
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Department of the Army Regional Gen
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Chilcote, M. W. 2003. Relationship
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Dunsmoor LK, and Huntington CW. 200
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Foott, J.S., R. Stone, E. Wiseman,
Page 467 and 468:
Habera, J.W., R.J. Strange, B.D. Ca
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Hemstreet, T. 2013. Electronic mail
Page 471 and 472:
Jordan, M. S. 2012. Hydraulic predi
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Kostow, K. E., A. R. Marshall and S
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MacFarlane, R. B., S. Hayes, and B.
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Moyle, P. B. 2002. Inland Fishes of
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PacifiCorp Klamath Hydroelectric Pr
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Oregon Department of Environmental
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Puckridge, J. T., F. Sheldon, K. F.
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Ring, T.E. and B. Watson. 1999. Eff
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Sommer, T. R., M. L. Nobriga, W. C.
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Taylor, R. 1991. A review of local
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USFWS [U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv
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Ward G, and Armstrong N. 2010. Asse
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Winker, K., J. H. Rappole, and M. A
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77 FR 476. National Marine Fisherie
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UKL Elevation (feet) Active Storage
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16.2 Appendix B: Elevation Flow Dat
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490
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Week of Water Year 1981 1982 1983 1
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Water Year October November Decembe
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16.3 Appendix C: Description of Res
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4. Removal of Small Dams (permanent
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Information regarding consideration
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9. Piping Ditches a. Project Descri
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. Site-Specific Restrictions Restri
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6. Protection Measures The followin
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to enter or be placed where they co
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shall be distributed throughout the
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weed free straw, silt fences) are i
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the project is located, and compris
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2. Post Construction Monitoring and
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Median Seasonal Flow (acre-feet) Me
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Median Seasonal Net Inflow (acre-fe
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16.5 Appendix E: Observed and Model
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Observed and modeled proposed actio
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Observed and modeled proposed actio
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16.6 Appendix F: Analyzing the rela
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Table 1. Paired comparison of the c
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Table 3. The difference in the mean
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