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and genetic processes. Resiliency is the ability of populations to withstand natural and humancaused stochastic events, and it depends on sufficient abundance and productivity. The following attributes are necessary for the SONCC coho salmon ESU to demonstrate representation, redundancy, connectivity, and resiliency: core populations must be viable and well distributed; non-core populations must not have a risk of extinction; and dependent populations must have functioning habitat for all life stages of coho salmon (Williams et al 2008, NMFS 2012a). In order to achieve viable core populations and low or moderate risk of extinction for non-core populations, good quality habitat must be available to support SONCC coho salmon populations (NMFS 2012a). The rationale for having good quality habitat is that NMFS expects that as habitat is restored and key threats are abated, more coho salmon will survive and reproduce. Good quality habitat for coho salmon includes sufficient invertebrate organisms for food; cool, flowing waters; high dissolved oxygen concentrations in rearing and incubation habitats; water with low suspended sediment during the growing season (for visual feeding); clean gravel substrate for reproduction; and unimpeded migratory access to and from spawning and rearing areas. Specific metrics for good quality habitat are defined in NMFS’s public draft recovery plan for SONCC coho salmon ESU (NMFS 2012a) using the indicators of aquatic habitat suitability listed in Kier Associates and NMFS (2008) and the disease infection rates summarized by True (2011). 12.2.4 Extinction Risk Criteria Williams et al. (2008) built on the population structure and the concepts of VSP (McElhany et al. 2000) to establish the extinction risk criteria at the population and ESU scales. The population extinction risk criteria represent an extension of an approach developed by Allendorf et al. (1997), and include metrics related to population abundance (effective population size), population decline, catastrophic decline, spawner density, hatchery influence, and population viability assessment. Populations that fail to satisfy several extinction risk metrics are likely at greater risk than those that fail to satisfy a single metric. A viable population must have a low extinction risk for all of the 6 population metrics (Table 12.1). For a population to be at moderate risk of extinction, the population must meet the moderate risk description for each criterion shown in Table 12.1. Sharr et al. (2000) modeled the probability of extinction of most Oregon Coast Natural populations and found that as spawner density dropped below 4 fish per mile (2.4 spawners/km), the risk of extinction rises rapidly (Figure 12.3). When Chilcote (1999) tracked the collapse of four coho salmon populations in the Lower Columbia River, they found the depensation threshold was 2.4 spawners/km. Using spawner-recruit relationships from 14 populations of coho salmon, Barrowman et al. (2003) found evidence of depensatory effects when spawner densities are less than 1 adult female per km of river (2 spawners/km). Wainwright et al. (2008) chose a value of 0.6 spawners/km as the density at which a population of salmon would be very likely to have significant demographic risks. This was the lowest of four bins the Wainwright et al. (2008) workgroup used to populate a decision support system. Williams et al. (2008) essentially chose this value then divided it by 0.6, which is equivalent to 303
the average ratio of IP-km to total km in the SONCC ESU. The resulting value of one adult per IP-km was deemed to be the threshold for high risk of depensation by Williams et al (2008). Table 12.1. Criteria for assessing extinction risk for SONCC coho salmon populations. For a given population, the highest risk score for any category determines the population’s overall extinction risk (Williams et al. 2008). Criterion Extinction risk High Moderate Low - any One of - - any One of - - all of - Effective population size a N e ≤ 50 50 < N e < 500 N e ≥ 500 - or - - or - - or - - or - Population size per generation N g ≤250 250 < N g < 2500 N g ≥ 2500 Population decline Precipitous decline b Chronic decline or depression c Catastrophic decline Order of magnitude decline within one generation Smaller but significant decline d No decline apparent or probable Not apparent Spawner density (adults/IP N a /IP km ≤ 1 1 < N a /IP km < MRSD e N a /IP km ≥ MRSD e km) Hatchery influence Not developed Hatchery fraction 500 but continued downward trend is evident. d Annual spawner abundance decline in one generation < 90 percent but biologically significant (e.g., loss of year class). e MRSD = minimum required spawner density is dependent on the amount of potential habitat available f For population to be considered at low-risk of extinction, all criteria must be satisfied (i.e., not just a PVA). A population viability analysis (PVA) can be also included for consideration, but must estimate an extinction risk
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National Marine Fisheries Service U
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7.4.5 LRS and SNS Population Dynami
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11.1.5 Critical Assumptions .......
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16 APPENDICIES ....................
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Table 8.2 UKL end-of-month elevatio
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1. The act
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Figure 11.17. Coho salmon fry habit
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS Abbrevia
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Abbreviation/Acronym YTEP WDFW WRIM
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In 2001, the Services issued BiOps
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Findings of Fact and Order of Deter
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proposed changes to the vegetation
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Figure 3.1. The action area for Rec
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4 PROPOSED ACTION Reclamation propo
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4.2 Element Two Operate the Project
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October 1 and March 1. The proposed
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Reclamation incorporated the 1981 t
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Provide Project irrigation deliveri
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Table 4.3. UKL fill rate adjustment
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Table 4.5. Calculation of fall/wint
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Flows below IGD are ultimately the
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The EWA, Project Supply, and UKL Re
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Table 4.8. Environmental Water Acco
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eleases somewhat on the ascending l
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fish disease, die off, entrainment,
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acre-feet when the Project Supply c
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Table 4.11. Monthly maximum Lower K
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4.2.4 Ramp-Down Rates at Iron Gate
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progresses and EWA volumes are upda
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O&M activities are carried out eith
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1. The A Canal has six headgates th
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Therefore, Reclamation proposes to
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coordinate with the NMFS to develop
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the confluence with Omogar Creek at
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though several major improvements t
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Sucker larvae transform into age-0
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units: (1) Clear Lake; (2) Tule Lak
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Figure 7.2. Adult spawning populati
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Table 7.1. Estimated LRS and SNS ad
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1905, Ch. 567, 33 Stat. 714). The P
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Figure 7.4 Modeled April through No
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7.9.2 Klamath Basin The Oregon Clim
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A change in mean precipitation rang
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Table 7.2 Impaired water bodies wit
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Table 7.3 Seasonal comparisons of p
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ammonia that is lethal to 50 percen
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Table 7.4 Estimated external phosph
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examination of juvenile suckers fro
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Evaluation of baseline hydrology in
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2012 1931 through 2012 12.6% 0.24 5
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The overall water year trend (Table
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Figure 7.7 Sprague River trends, wa
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Figure 7.9 Sprague River trends, wa
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Figure 7.12 Williamson River trends
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Figure 7.14 UKL trends, water years
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Figure 7.17 UKL: net inflow departu
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7.10.3.3 Competition and Predation
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By late July, surviving larval suck
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Threat Nature of Threat Life Stage
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2011) and increased adult spawning
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Based on the best available informa
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contrast, water levels began 1.5 ft
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evaporation and seepage estimated a
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prolonged low oxygen conditions if
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The April through September 4,034.6
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8 EFFECTS OF THE ACTION ON LOST RIV
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Although the volume of Project wate
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than 1 m), and fitting one or more
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Figure 8.3. UKL elevations at the e
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Services and Reclamation will deter
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For cumulative net inflow values be
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Figure 8.8. UKL elevations at the e
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Figure 8.10. UKL elevations at the
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Figure 8.12. UKL elevations at the
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natural and man-caused changes in i
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Table 8.1 UKL end-of-month surface
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UKL. Based on best available inform
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larvae in UKL. Annual production of
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Table 8.5 UKL end-of-month elevatio
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Based on our review of the literatu
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into the Pelican Bay water quality
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We assume that UKL surface elevatio
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vary by several orders of magnitude
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survival rates, we know that some o
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populations, and contains the large
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8.3.5.1 Effects to Adult Sucker Spa
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Table 8.8 Clear Lake surface elevat
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occur, especially in the west lobe.
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Table 8.9 End of the month surface
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8.3.7.4 Effects of Entrainment Loss
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The source of the sediment is unkno
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period when they migrate upstream t
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limited LRS and SNS persistence in
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term and localized and because fish
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8.5.1 Canal Salvage Reclamation pro
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high predation rates and failure of
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include the Klamath Basin Rangeland
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Figure 9.1 Designated CHUs for the
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These are discussed in greater deta
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The proposed action will have no ef
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No other spawning habitat exists be
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consulted on. Current monitoring da
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proposed action and this PCE suppor
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Because of a multi-decade lack of r
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Adverse effects of the proposed act
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that juvenile survival is most like
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elocation effort in Lake Ewauna to
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LRS and SNS population resiliency o
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stratum 4 (Interior Klamath) in whi
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Pacific salmonids Oncorhynchus spp.
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scenario, actions and elements of t
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flow prescriptions should mimic pro
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11.2.1 Current Condition of Critica
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11.2.2 Factors Affecting SONCC Coho
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e disoriented or displaced downstre
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enhancement, and rehabilitative act
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Water Temperature Sedimentation Org
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Figure 11.1 Longitudinal and season
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functioning floodplains that fail t
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downstream of IGD, (2) enhance coho
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few local ranchers and water distri
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in some tributaries, access to and
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11.3.7 Summary of Critical Habitat
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these two time periods, the effects
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consists of approximately 29,000 ac
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The PacifiCorp habitat conservation
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IGD, or used in constructed habitat
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estoration, watershed planning, sal
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Table 11.4. Modeled suspended sedim
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parasites Ceratomyxa shasta (causes
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that become infected is estimated t
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where snow water equivalent is proj
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minimizing disease risks, the detai
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Figure 11.4. Proposed action, histo
Page 269 and 270: Figure 11.6. Proposed action weekly
Page 271 and 272: Figure 11.9. Regression between EWA
Page 273 and 274: Figure 11.11. Proposed action and o
Page 275 and 276: Figure 11.12. Number of days per wa
Page 277 and 278: Figure 11.14. Monthly coefficient o
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Page 281 and 282: The results from Table 11.7 indicat
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Page 285 and 286: habitat decreases between the Shast
Page 287 and 288: Table 11.9. Daily average mainstem
Page 289 and 290: Table 11.10. Daily average mainstem
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Page 293 and 294: The proposed action results in agri
Page 295 and 296: Figure 11.21. Monthly mean of daily
Page 297 and 298: Riparian restoration projects will
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Page 301 and 302: Table 11.13. Annual percent of proj
Page 303 and 304: esource needs as they grow, and 3)
Page 305 and 306: 11.5.2 Klamath River Basin Adjudica
Page 307 and 308: coho salmon within the Klamath Rive
Page 309 and 310: aspects of a natural flow regime th
Page 311 and 312: element of coho salmon critical hab
Page 313 and 314: 12.1.1.1 Risk Analyses for Endanger
Page 315 and 316: ESU DIVERSITY STRATA POPULATIONS IN
Page 317 and 318: eproduction, and distribution. The
Page 319: Figure 12.2. Historic population st
Page 323 and 324: Although long-term data on coho sal
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Page 329 and 330: 12.2.5.5 Viability Summary Though p
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Page 333 and 334: 12.2.6.2 Marine Derived Nutrients M
Page 335 and 336: fisheries south of Cape Falcon, Ore
Page 337 and 338: 12.3 Environmental Baseline of Coho
Page 339 and 340: water temperatures up to 19 ºC in
Page 341 and 342: some coho salmon smolts may stop mi
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Page 345 and 346: abundance threshold (Table 12.3). T
Page 347 and 348: mainstem Klamath and Trinity rivers
Page 349 and 350: Although there are risks to Klamath
Page 351 and 352: activities are generally beneficial
Page 353 and 354: 12.4 Effects to Individuals The pro
Page 355 and 356: 12.4.1.2 Response 12.4.1.2.1 Adults
Page 357 and 358: (2012) believes is representative o
Page 359 and 360: genotype II density of 5 spores/L w
Page 361 and 362: flows provide a limit to the increa
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Page 365 and 366: which will likely result in a relat
Page 367 and 368: etween Trees of Heaven (RM 172) and
Page 369 and 370: action. Reclamation estimated that
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Based on literature, increased comp
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Table 12.6. Summary of risks result
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most juveniles. Stream flow diversi
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at most fish relocation sites, base
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higher, the minimally increased sed
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Small pulses of moderately turbid w
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Boulder faces in the deflector stru
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conditions may fail if those condit
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Adverse effects of the proposed act
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Potential Stressor Habitat Reductio
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Potential Stressor Elevated water t
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12.6.2 Effects of fitness consequen
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13 INCIDENTAL TAKE STATEMENT Sectio
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Table 13.1 Summary of maximum annua
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in fewer larvae and juveniles, and
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Table 13.2 Estimated annual maximum
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1.2.1.8. Incidental Take Caused by
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characteristics of aquatic species,
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Table 13.5 Expected annual Environm
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Cause of Incidental Take Habitat Re
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Clear Lake, Gerber Reservoir, and T
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This term and condition is requirin
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13.4 Mandatory Monitoring and Repor
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Required hydrologic monitoring incl
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Table 13.7. Summary of LRS and SNS
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T&C or Mandatory Monitoring Mandato
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Table 13.9 Summary of reporting and
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Table 13.10 Summary of meetings req
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the above QA/QC procedures describe
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Barry, P.M., E.C. Janney, D.A. Hewi
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Burdick, S.M. and J. Rasmussen. 201
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Dunsmoor, L., L. Basdekas, B. Wood,
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Garen, D. 2011, Upper Klamath Basin
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Janney, E.C., B.S. Hayes, D.A. Hewi
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Laenen, A., and A.P. LeTourneau. 19
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Miller, R.R., and G.R. Smith. 1981.
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Perkins, D.L., and G.G. Scoppettone
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(Deltistes luxatus) in Tule and Cle
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Terwilliger, M. 2006. Physical habi
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USBR [U.S. Bureau of Reclamation].
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Williams, J.E. 2000. Chapter 13. Th
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Arthington, A.H., S.E. Bunn, N.L. P
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Beeman, J., S. Juhnke, G. Stutzer a
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Brommer, J.E. 2000. The evolution o
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Department of the Army Regional Gen
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Chilcote, M. W. 2003. Relationship
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Dunsmoor LK, and Huntington CW. 200
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Foott, J.S., R. Stone, E. Wiseman,
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Habera, J.W., R.J. Strange, B.D. Ca
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Hemstreet, T. 2013. Electronic mail
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Jordan, M. S. 2012. Hydraulic predi
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Kostow, K. E., A. R. Marshall and S
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MacFarlane, R. B., S. Hayes, and B.
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Moyle, P. B. 2002. Inland Fishes of
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PacifiCorp Klamath Hydroelectric Pr
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Oregon Department of Environmental
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Puckridge, J. T., F. Sheldon, K. F.
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Ring, T.E. and B. Watson. 1999. Eff
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Sommer, T. R., M. L. Nobriga, W. C.
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Taylor, R. 1991. A review of local
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USFWS [U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv
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Ward G, and Armstrong N. 2010. Asse
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Winker, K., J. H. Rappole, and M. A
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77 FR 476. National Marine Fisherie
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UKL Elevation (feet) Active Storage
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16.2 Appendix B: Elevation Flow Dat
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490
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Week of Water Year 1981 1982 1983 1
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Water Year October November Decembe
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16.3 Appendix C: Description of Res
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4. Removal of Small Dams (permanent
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Information regarding consideration
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9. Piping Ditches a. Project Descri
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. Site-Specific Restrictions Restri
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6. Protection Measures The followin
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to enter or be placed where they co
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shall be distributed throughout the
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weed free straw, silt fences) are i
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the project is located, and compris
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2. Post Construction Monitoring and
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Median Seasonal Flow (acre-feet) Me
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Median Seasonal Net Inflow (acre-fe
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16.5 Appendix E: Observed and Model
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Observed and modeled proposed actio
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Observed and modeled proposed actio
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16.6 Appendix F: Analyzing the rela
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Table 1. Paired comparison of the c
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Table 3. The difference in the mean
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