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correlated with higher natural smolt production on the Oregon Coast. Increases in summer flows, along with stabilizing winter flows, have led to increased production of coho salmon (Lister and Walker 1966; Mundie 1969), while Burns (1971) found that highest mortality of coho salmon in the summer occurred during periods of lowest flows. By reducing spring flows in the mainstem Klamath River, the proposed action decreases survival and passage rate in the reach between IGD and the mouth of the Shasta River (RM 176) when flows at IGD are between 1,020 and 10,300 cfs, as supported by data from Beeman et al. (2012). The decrease in survival is likely a result of increased exposure to stressors in the mainstem Klamath River. Some of these adverse effects will be minimized by the flow variability incorporated into the proposed action when precipitation and snow melt occurs in the upper Klamath Basin. 12.4.1.2.4.6 Flow Variability The beneficial effects of flow variability described earlier for coho salmon fry (i.e., section 12.4.1.2.3.4) also apply to coho salmon juveniles. In addition, juvenile coho salmon will be provided environmental cues with variable flows under the proposed action, and will likely redistribute downstream to abundant overwintering habitat in the lower Klamath River reach and downstream non-natal tributaries during the fall. 12.4.1.3 Risk The proposed action will likely result in increased risks to coho salmon individuals. Of all the different life stages, coho salmon fry and juveniles (parr and smolts) face the highest risks from the hydrologic effects of the proposed action, especially during the spring (Table 12.6). Risks to smolts apply to both IGH coho salmon and natural origin coho salmon from populations in the Upper Klamath, Middle Klamath, Shasta, Scott, and Salmon rivers. Risks to coho salmon fry and juveniles from the Salmon River population are the least since most of the adverse effects of the proposed project diminish in the mainstem Klamath River at Orleans (RM 59). 355
Table 12.6. Summary of risks resulting from the proposed action to coho salmon life stages. Potential Stressor Habitat Reduction Disease (C. shasta) Elevated water temperature DO reduction Decreased outmigration rates 12.4.2 Restoration Activities Project Effects Life Stage General Time Mainstem Location Increased likelihood of reduced growth or survival to some individuals Increased likelihood of impaired growth, swimming performance, body condition, and increased stress and susceptibility to secondary infections Increased likelihood of disease-related mortality Increased stress Decreased swimming performance and increased stress Increased likelihood of mortality from other stressors in the mainstem Klamath River (e.g., disease, predation, impaired water quality) 356 Fry Parr and Smolts Fry Parr Smolts Fry Parr, and Smolts Fry Parr and Smolts Parr Smolts Late March to mid-June March to June April to mid- June April to August April to June May to mid- June May to June May to mid- June May to June June to August April to June IGD (RM 190) to Salmon River (RM 66) Trees of Heaven (RM 172) to Rogers Creek (RM 72) Klamathon Bridge (RM 187.6) to Orleans (RM 59) Trees of Heaven (RM 172) to Seiad Valley (RM 129) IGD to Scott River (RM 143) IGD (RM 190) to Orleans (RM 59) IGD (RM 190) to Shasta River (RM 176) Restoration activities that require instream activities will be implemented during low flow periods between June 15 and November 1. The specific timing and duration of each individual restoration project will vary depending on the project type, specific project methods, and site conditions. However, the duration and magnitude of effects to coho salmon and their designated critical habitat associated with implementation of individual restoration projects will be significantly minimized due to the multiple proposed avoidance and minimization measures. Implementing individual restoration projects during the summer low-flow period will significantly minimize exposure to emigrating coho salmon smolts and coho salmon adults at all habitat restoration project sites. The total number and location of restoration projects funded
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National Marine Fisheries Service U
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7.4.5 LRS and SNS Population Dynami
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11.1.5 Critical Assumptions .......
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16 APPENDICIES ....................
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Table 8.2 UKL end-of-month elevatio
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1. The act
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Figure 11.17. Coho salmon fry habit
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS Abbrevia
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Abbreviation/Acronym YTEP WDFW WRIM
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In 2001, the Services issued BiOps
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Findings of Fact and Order of Deter
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proposed changes to the vegetation
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Figure 3.1. The action area for Rec
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4 PROPOSED ACTION Reclamation propo
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4.2 Element Two Operate the Project
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October 1 and March 1. The proposed
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Reclamation incorporated the 1981 t
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Provide Project irrigation deliveri
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Table 4.3. UKL fill rate adjustment
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Table 4.5. Calculation of fall/wint
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Flows below IGD are ultimately the
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The EWA, Project Supply, and UKL Re
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Table 4.8. Environmental Water Acco
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eleases somewhat on the ascending l
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fish disease, die off, entrainment,
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acre-feet when the Project Supply c
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Table 4.11. Monthly maximum Lower K
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4.2.4 Ramp-Down Rates at Iron Gate
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progresses and EWA volumes are upda
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O&M activities are carried out eith
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1. The A Canal has six headgates th
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Therefore, Reclamation proposes to
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coordinate with the NMFS to develop
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the confluence with Omogar Creek at
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though several major improvements t
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Sucker larvae transform into age-0
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units: (1) Clear Lake; (2) Tule Lak
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Figure 7.2. Adult spawning populati
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Table 7.1. Estimated LRS and SNS ad
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1905, Ch. 567, 33 Stat. 714). The P
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Figure 7.4 Modeled April through No
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7.9.2 Klamath Basin The Oregon Clim
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A change in mean precipitation rang
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Table 7.2 Impaired water bodies wit
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Table 7.3 Seasonal comparisons of p
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ammonia that is lethal to 50 percen
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Table 7.4 Estimated external phosph
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examination of juvenile suckers fro
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Evaluation of baseline hydrology in
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2012 1931 through 2012 12.6% 0.24 5
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The overall water year trend (Table
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Figure 7.7 Sprague River trends, wa
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Figure 7.9 Sprague River trends, wa
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Figure 7.12 Williamson River trends
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Figure 7.14 UKL trends, water years
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Figure 7.17 UKL: net inflow departu
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7.10.3.3 Competition and Predation
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By late July, surviving larval suck
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Threat Nature of Threat Life Stage
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2011) and increased adult spawning
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Based on the best available informa
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contrast, water levels began 1.5 ft
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evaporation and seepage estimated a
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prolonged low oxygen conditions if
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The April through September 4,034.6
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8 EFFECTS OF THE ACTION ON LOST RIV
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Although the volume of Project wate
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than 1 m), and fitting one or more
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Figure 8.3. UKL elevations at the e
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Services and Reclamation will deter
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For cumulative net inflow values be
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Figure 8.8. UKL elevations at the e
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Figure 8.10. UKL elevations at the
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Figure 8.12. UKL elevations at the
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natural and man-caused changes in i
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Table 8.1 UKL end-of-month surface
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UKL. Based on best available inform
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larvae in UKL. Annual production of
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Table 8.5 UKL end-of-month elevatio
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Based on our review of the literatu
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into the Pelican Bay water quality
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We assume that UKL surface elevatio
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vary by several orders of magnitude
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survival rates, we know that some o
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populations, and contains the large
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8.3.5.1 Effects to Adult Sucker Spa
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Table 8.8 Clear Lake surface elevat
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occur, especially in the west lobe.
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Table 8.9 End of the month surface
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8.3.7.4 Effects of Entrainment Loss
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The source of the sediment is unkno
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period when they migrate upstream t
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limited LRS and SNS persistence in
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term and localized and because fish
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8.5.1 Canal Salvage Reclamation pro
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high predation rates and failure of
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include the Klamath Basin Rangeland
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Figure 9.1 Designated CHUs for the
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These are discussed in greater deta
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The proposed action will have no ef
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No other spawning habitat exists be
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consulted on. Current monitoring da
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proposed action and this PCE suppor
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Because of a multi-decade lack of r
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Adverse effects of the proposed act
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that juvenile survival is most like
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elocation effort in Lake Ewauna to
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LRS and SNS population resiliency o
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stratum 4 (Interior Klamath) in whi
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Pacific salmonids Oncorhynchus spp.
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scenario, actions and elements of t
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flow prescriptions should mimic pro
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11.2.1 Current Condition of Critica
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11.2.2 Factors Affecting SONCC Coho
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e disoriented or displaced downstre
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enhancement, and rehabilitative act
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Water Temperature Sedimentation Org
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Figure 11.1 Longitudinal and season
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functioning floodplains that fail t
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downstream of IGD, (2) enhance coho
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few local ranchers and water distri
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in some tributaries, access to and
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11.3.7 Summary of Critical Habitat
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these two time periods, the effects
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consists of approximately 29,000 ac
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The PacifiCorp habitat conservation
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IGD, or used in constructed habitat
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estoration, watershed planning, sal
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Table 11.4. Modeled suspended sedim
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parasites Ceratomyxa shasta (causes
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that become infected is estimated t
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where snow water equivalent is proj
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minimizing disease risks, the detai
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Figure 11.4. Proposed action, histo
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Figure 11.6. Proposed action weekly
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Figure 11.9. Regression between EWA
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Figure 11.11. Proposed action and o
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Figure 11.12. Number of days per wa
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Figure 11.14. Monthly coefficient o
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IGD. The proposed action modeled da
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The results from Table 11.7 indicat
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likely to increase the quantity of
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habitat decreases between the Shast
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Table 11.9. Daily average mainstem
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Table 11.10. Daily average mainstem
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5% 3336 13176 27664 26168 30946 237
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The proposed action results in agri
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Figure 11.21. Monthly mean of daily
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Riparian restoration projects will
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expected to be typical riparian spe
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Table 11.13. Annual percent of proj
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esource needs as they grow, and 3)
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11.5.2 Klamath River Basin Adjudica
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coho salmon within the Klamath Rive
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aspects of a natural flow regime th
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element of coho salmon critical hab
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12.1.1.1 Risk Analyses for Endanger
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ESU DIVERSITY STRATA POPULATIONS IN
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eproduction, and distribution. The
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Figure 12.2. Historic population st
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Page 329 and 330: 12.2.5.5 Viability Summary Though p
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Page 333 and 334: 12.2.6.2 Marine Derived Nutrients M
Page 335 and 336: fisheries south of Cape Falcon, Ore
Page 337 and 338: 12.3 Environmental Baseline of Coho
Page 339 and 340: water temperatures up to 19 ºC in
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Page 345 and 346: abundance threshold (Table 12.3). T
Page 347 and 348: mainstem Klamath and Trinity rivers
Page 349 and 350: Although there are risks to Klamath
Page 351 and 352: activities are generally beneficial
Page 353 and 354: 12.4 Effects to Individuals The pro
Page 355 and 356: 12.4.1.2 Response 12.4.1.2.1 Adults
Page 357 and 358: (2012) believes is representative o
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Page 361 and 362: flows provide a limit to the increa
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Page 365 and 366: which will likely result in a relat
Page 367 and 368: etween Trees of Heaven (RM 172) and
Page 369 and 370: action. Reclamation estimated that
Page 371: Based on literature, increased comp
Page 375 and 376: most juveniles. Stream flow diversi
Page 377 and 378: at most fish relocation sites, base
Page 379 and 380: higher, the minimally increased sed
Page 381 and 382: Small pulses of moderately turbid w
Page 383 and 384: Boulder faces in the deflector stru
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Page 387 and 388: Adverse effects of the proposed act
Page 389 and 390: Potential Stressor Habitat Reductio
Page 391 and 392: Potential Stressor Elevated water t
Page 393 and 394: 12.6.2 Effects of fitness consequen
Page 395 and 396: 13 INCIDENTAL TAKE STATEMENT Sectio
Page 397 and 398: Table 13.1 Summary of maximum annua
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Page 401 and 402: Table 13.2 Estimated annual maximum
Page 403 and 404: 1.2.1.8. Incidental Take Caused by
Page 405 and 406: characteristics of aquatic species,
Page 407 and 408: Table 13.5 Expected annual Environm
Page 409 and 410: Cause of Incidental Take Habitat Re
Page 411 and 412: Clear Lake, Gerber Reservoir, and T
Page 413 and 414: This term and condition is requirin
Page 415 and 416: 13.4 Mandatory Monitoring and Repor
Page 417 and 418: Required hydrologic monitoring incl
Page 419 and 420: Table 13.7. Summary of LRS and SNS
Page 421 and 422: T&C or Mandatory Monitoring Mandato
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Table 13.9 Summary of reporting and
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Table 13.10 Summary of meetings req
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the above QA/QC procedures describe
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Barry, P.M., E.C. Janney, D.A. Hewi
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Burdick, S.M. and J. Rasmussen. 201
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Dunsmoor, L., L. Basdekas, B. Wood,
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Garen, D. 2011, Upper Klamath Basin
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Janney, E.C., B.S. Hayes, D.A. Hewi
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Laenen, A., and A.P. LeTourneau. 19
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Miller, R.R., and G.R. Smith. 1981.
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Perkins, D.L., and G.G. Scoppettone
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(Deltistes luxatus) in Tule and Cle
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Terwilliger, M. 2006. Physical habi
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USBR [U.S. Bureau of Reclamation].
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Williams, J.E. 2000. Chapter 13. Th
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Arthington, A.H., S.E. Bunn, N.L. P
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Beeman, J., S. Juhnke, G. Stutzer a
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Brommer, J.E. 2000. The evolution o
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Department of the Army Regional Gen
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Chilcote, M. W. 2003. Relationship
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Dunsmoor LK, and Huntington CW. 200
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Foott, J.S., R. Stone, E. Wiseman,
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Habera, J.W., R.J. Strange, B.D. Ca
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Hemstreet, T. 2013. Electronic mail
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Jordan, M. S. 2012. Hydraulic predi
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Kostow, K. E., A. R. Marshall and S
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MacFarlane, R. B., S. Hayes, and B.
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Moyle, P. B. 2002. Inland Fishes of
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PacifiCorp Klamath Hydroelectric Pr
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Oregon Department of Environmental
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Puckridge, J. T., F. Sheldon, K. F.
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Ring, T.E. and B. Watson. 1999. Eff
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Sommer, T. R., M. L. Nobriga, W. C.
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Taylor, R. 1991. A review of local
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USFWS [U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv
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Ward G, and Armstrong N. 2010. Asse
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Winker, K., J. H. Rappole, and M. A
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77 FR 476. National Marine Fisherie
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UKL Elevation (feet) Active Storage
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16.2 Appendix B: Elevation Flow Dat
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490
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Week of Water Year 1981 1982 1983 1
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Water Year October November Decembe
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16.3 Appendix C: Description of Res
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4. Removal of Small Dams (permanent
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Information regarding consideration
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9. Piping Ditches a. Project Descri
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. Site-Specific Restrictions Restri
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6. Protection Measures The followin
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to enter or be placed where they co
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shall be distributed throughout the
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weed free straw, silt fences) are i
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the project is located, and compris
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2. Post Construction Monitoring and
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Median Seasonal Flow (acre-feet) Me
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Median Seasonal Net Inflow (acre-fe
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16.5 Appendix E: Observed and Model
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Observed and modeled proposed actio
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Observed and modeled proposed actio
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16.6 Appendix F: Analyzing the rela
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Table 1. Paired comparison of the c
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Table 3. The difference in the mean
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