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Figure 11.17. Coho salmon fry habitat availability relative to mainstem flows for three reaches downstream of IGD (Hardy 2012). Circled areas illustrate the range of flows that may reduce coho fry habitat availability. Flows are located at the upstream end of the reaches. 269
Table 11.9. Daily average mainstem flows (cfs) where the proposed action will likely reduce coho salmon fry habitat availability to below 80 percent of maximum (orange highlight). Iron Gate Dam to Shasta Shasta to Scott Rivers Scott to Salmon Rivers River Exceedance March April May June March April May June March April May June 95% 999 1308 1173 1020 1266 1480 1317 1104 1860 2082 1894 1284 90% 1028 1324 1190 1045 1327 1543 1369 1144 2056 2296 2060 1414 85% 1105 1339 1238 1113 1430 1619 1453 1224 2261 2623 2225 1564 80% 1287 1399 1341 1166 1672 1689 1569 1283 2592 2791 2492 1685 75% 1505 1719 1436 1207 1910 1966 1756 1359 3030 3007 2814 1805 70% 1664 1853 1597 1261 2090 2135 1898 1432 3315 3343 3258 1942 65% 1812 1980 1731 1323 2245 2340 2097 1504 3633 3771 3519 2148 60% 2052 2158 1898 1384 2612 2570 2254 1585 3994 4068 3791 2362 55% 2413 2318 2055 1458 2890 2795 2492 1676 4334 4569 4071 2540 50% 2773 2549 2276 1580 3336 3091 2699 1819 5215 4945 4389 2705 45% 3048 2801 2417 1667 3674 3387 2891 1945 5678 5345 4952 3002 40% 3239 3099 2602 1804 3980 3684 3123 2102 6003 6014 5381 3341 35% 3512 3501 2894 1925 4368 4221 3451 2320 6473 6546 5961 3702 30% 3880 3873 3129 2058 4744 4567 3779 2442 7324 7100 6309 4056 25% 4369 4235 3428 2186 5250 5026 4057 2535 8196 7753 6778 4554 20% 4889 4810 3695 2409 5983 5516 4324 2896 9278 8268 7259 5157 15% 5780 5520 4192 2817 6910 6233 4902 3382 10361 8865 7801 5687 10% 6781 5964 4565 3360 7987 6778 5423 3911 11844 9686 8651 6418 5% 7585 6513 5027 3996 9086 7602 5981 4663 14036 10615 9817 8045 11.4.1.2.3.2 Coho Salmon Juvenile As discussed in the Environmental Baseline section, coho salmon juveniles are present in the mainstem Klamath River throughout the year. However, the period from March to June represents the peak of coho salmon juvenile presence (Justice 2007). While coho salmon juveniles are present in the mainstem Klamath River in the summer, their habitat is limited to areas that provide suitable cooler water temperatures during this period (i.e., thermal refugia). Therefore, NMFS will analyze the proposed action’s effects on coho salmon juvenile rearing habitat during spring using the Hardy et al.’s (2006) flow-habitat curves. However, NMFS will analyze the effects of the proposed action on the integrity of thermal refugia in the summer period. As discussed earlier, the proposed action reduces flow volume in the mainstem Klamath River generally throughout the year, and the effects of flow reduction on juvenile coho salmon habitat availability in the mainstem Klamath River vary spatially and temporally downstream of IGD. The steeper the relationship between flow and percent of maximum habitat, the greater the magnitude of habitat reduction is when flows are reduced (Figure 11.18). In the Trees of Heaven reach (RM 175), coho salmon juvenile habitat is reduced when flows range from 1,000 to 1,224 cfs and 2672 to 4449 cfs at that reach. When the proposed action 270
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National Marine Fisheries Service U
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7.4.5 LRS and SNS Population Dynami
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11.1.5 Critical Assumptions .......
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16 APPENDICIES ....................
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Table 8.2 UKL end-of-month elevatio
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1. The act
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Figure 11.17. Coho salmon fry habit
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS Abbrevia
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Abbreviation/Acronym YTEP WDFW WRIM
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In 2001, the Services issued BiOps
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Findings of Fact and Order of Deter
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proposed changes to the vegetation
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Figure 3.1. The action area for Rec
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4 PROPOSED ACTION Reclamation propo
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4.2 Element Two Operate the Project
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October 1 and March 1. The proposed
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Reclamation incorporated the 1981 t
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Provide Project irrigation deliveri
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Table 4.3. UKL fill rate adjustment
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Table 4.5. Calculation of fall/wint
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Flows below IGD are ultimately the
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The EWA, Project Supply, and UKL Re
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Table 4.8. Environmental Water Acco
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eleases somewhat on the ascending l
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fish disease, die off, entrainment,
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acre-feet when the Project Supply c
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Table 4.11. Monthly maximum Lower K
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4.2.4 Ramp-Down Rates at Iron Gate
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progresses and EWA volumes are upda
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O&M activities are carried out eith
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1. The A Canal has six headgates th
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Therefore, Reclamation proposes to
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coordinate with the NMFS to develop
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the confluence with Omogar Creek at
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though several major improvements t
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Sucker larvae transform into age-0
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units: (1) Clear Lake; (2) Tule Lak
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Figure 7.2. Adult spawning populati
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Table 7.1. Estimated LRS and SNS ad
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1905, Ch. 567, 33 Stat. 714). The P
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Figure 7.4 Modeled April through No
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7.9.2 Klamath Basin The Oregon Clim
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A change in mean precipitation rang
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Table 7.2 Impaired water bodies wit
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Table 7.3 Seasonal comparisons of p
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ammonia that is lethal to 50 percen
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Table 7.4 Estimated external phosph
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examination of juvenile suckers fro
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Evaluation of baseline hydrology in
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2012 1931 through 2012 12.6% 0.24 5
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The overall water year trend (Table
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Figure 7.7 Sprague River trends, wa
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Figure 7.9 Sprague River trends, wa
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Figure 7.12 Williamson River trends
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Figure 7.14 UKL trends, water years
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Figure 7.17 UKL: net inflow departu
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7.10.3.3 Competition and Predation
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By late July, surviving larval suck
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Threat Nature of Threat Life Stage
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2011) and increased adult spawning
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Based on the best available informa
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contrast, water levels began 1.5 ft
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evaporation and seepage estimated a
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prolonged low oxygen conditions if
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The April through September 4,034.6
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8 EFFECTS OF THE ACTION ON LOST RIV
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Although the volume of Project wate
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than 1 m), and fitting one or more
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Figure 8.3. UKL elevations at the e
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Services and Reclamation will deter
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For cumulative net inflow values be
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Figure 8.8. UKL elevations at the e
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Figure 8.10. UKL elevations at the
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Figure 8.12. UKL elevations at the
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natural and man-caused changes in i
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Table 8.1 UKL end-of-month surface
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UKL. Based on best available inform
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larvae in UKL. Annual production of
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Table 8.5 UKL end-of-month elevatio
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Based on our review of the literatu
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into the Pelican Bay water quality
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We assume that UKL surface elevatio
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vary by several orders of magnitude
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survival rates, we know that some o
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populations, and contains the large
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8.3.5.1 Effects to Adult Sucker Spa
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Table 8.8 Clear Lake surface elevat
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occur, especially in the west lobe.
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Table 8.9 End of the month surface
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8.3.7.4 Effects of Entrainment Loss
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The source of the sediment is unkno
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period when they migrate upstream t
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limited LRS and SNS persistence in
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term and localized and because fish
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8.5.1 Canal Salvage Reclamation pro
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high predation rates and failure of
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include the Klamath Basin Rangeland
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Figure 9.1 Designated CHUs for the
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These are discussed in greater deta
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The proposed action will have no ef
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No other spawning habitat exists be
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consulted on. Current monitoring da
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proposed action and this PCE suppor
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Because of a multi-decade lack of r
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Adverse effects of the proposed act
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that juvenile survival is most like
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elocation effort in Lake Ewauna to
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LRS and SNS population resiliency o
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stratum 4 (Interior Klamath) in whi
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Pacific salmonids Oncorhynchus spp.
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scenario, actions and elements of t
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flow prescriptions should mimic pro
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11.2.1 Current Condition of Critica
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11.2.2 Factors Affecting SONCC Coho
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e disoriented or displaced downstre
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enhancement, and rehabilitative act
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Water Temperature Sedimentation Org
Page 235 and 236: Figure 11.1 Longitudinal and season
Page 237 and 238: functioning floodplains that fail t
Page 239 and 240: downstream of IGD, (2) enhance coho
Page 241 and 242: few local ranchers and water distri
Page 243 and 244: in some tributaries, access to and
Page 245 and 246: 11.3.7 Summary of Critical Habitat
Page 247 and 248: these two time periods, the effects
Page 249 and 250: consists of approximately 29,000 ac
Page 251 and 252: The PacifiCorp habitat conservation
Page 253 and 254: IGD, or used in constructed habitat
Page 255 and 256: estoration, watershed planning, sal
Page 257 and 258: Table 11.4. Modeled suspended sedim
Page 259 and 260: parasites Ceratomyxa shasta (causes
Page 261 and 262: that become infected is estimated t
Page 263 and 264: where snow water equivalent is proj
Page 265 and 266: minimizing disease risks, the detai
Page 267 and 268: Figure 11.4. Proposed action, histo
Page 269 and 270: Figure 11.6. Proposed action weekly
Page 271 and 272: Figure 11.9. Regression between EWA
Page 273 and 274: Figure 11.11. Proposed action and o
Page 275 and 276: Figure 11.12. Number of days per wa
Page 277 and 278: Figure 11.14. Monthly coefficient o
Page 279 and 280: IGD. The proposed action modeled da
Page 281 and 282: The results from Table 11.7 indicat
Page 283 and 284: likely to increase the quantity of
Page 285: habitat decreases between the Shast
Page 289 and 290: Table 11.10. Daily average mainstem
Page 291 and 292: 5% 3336 13176 27664 26168 30946 237
Page 293 and 294: The proposed action results in agri
Page 295 and 296: Figure 11.21. Monthly mean of daily
Page 297 and 298: Riparian restoration projects will
Page 299 and 300: expected to be typical riparian spe
Page 301 and 302: Table 11.13. Annual percent of proj
Page 303 and 304: esource needs as they grow, and 3)
Page 305 and 306: 11.5.2 Klamath River Basin Adjudica
Page 307 and 308: coho salmon within the Klamath Rive
Page 309 and 310: aspects of a natural flow regime th
Page 311 and 312: element of coho salmon critical hab
Page 313 and 314: 12.1.1.1 Risk Analyses for Endanger
Page 315 and 316: ESU DIVERSITY STRATA POPULATIONS IN
Page 317 and 318: eproduction, and distribution. The
Page 319 and 320: Figure 12.2. Historic population st
Page 321 and 322: the average ratio of IP-km to total
Page 323 and 324: Although long-term data on coho sal
Page 325 and 326: 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Page 327 and 328: maintain viable abundances in many
Page 329 and 330: 12.2.5.5 Viability Summary Though p
Page 331 and 332: coastal currents and upwelling, kno
Page 333 and 334: 12.2.6.2 Marine Derived Nutrients M
Page 335 and 336: fisheries south of Cape Falcon, Ore
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12.3 Environmental Baseline of Coho
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water temperatures up to 19 ºC in
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some coho salmon smolts may stop mi
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threshold, all Klamath River coho s
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abundance threshold (Table 12.3). T
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mainstem Klamath and Trinity rivers
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Although there are risks to Klamath
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activities are generally beneficial
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12.4 Effects to Individuals The pro
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12.4.1.2 Response 12.4.1.2.1 Adults
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(2012) believes is representative o
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genotype II density of 5 spores/L w
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flows provide a limit to the increa
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polychaete and sediment disturbance
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which will likely result in a relat
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etween Trees of Heaven (RM 172) and
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action. Reclamation estimated that
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Based on literature, increased comp
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Table 12.6. Summary of risks result
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most juveniles. Stream flow diversi
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at most fish relocation sites, base
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higher, the minimally increased sed
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Small pulses of moderately turbid w
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Boulder faces in the deflector stru
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conditions may fail if those condit
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Adverse effects of the proposed act
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Potential Stressor Habitat Reductio
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Potential Stressor Elevated water t
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12.6.2 Effects of fitness consequen
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13 INCIDENTAL TAKE STATEMENT Sectio
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Table 13.1 Summary of maximum annua
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in fewer larvae and juveniles, and
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Table 13.2 Estimated annual maximum
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1.2.1.8. Incidental Take Caused by
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characteristics of aquatic species,
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Table 13.5 Expected annual Environm
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Cause of Incidental Take Habitat Re
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Clear Lake, Gerber Reservoir, and T
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This term and condition is requirin
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13.4 Mandatory Monitoring and Repor
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Required hydrologic monitoring incl
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Table 13.7. Summary of LRS and SNS
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T&C or Mandatory Monitoring Mandato
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Table 13.9 Summary of reporting and
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Table 13.10 Summary of meetings req
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the above QA/QC procedures describe
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Barry, P.M., E.C. Janney, D.A. Hewi
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Burdick, S.M. and J. Rasmussen. 201
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Dunsmoor, L., L. Basdekas, B. Wood,
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Garen, D. 2011, Upper Klamath Basin
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Janney, E.C., B.S. Hayes, D.A. Hewi
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Laenen, A., and A.P. LeTourneau. 19
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Miller, R.R., and G.R. Smith. 1981.
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Perkins, D.L., and G.G. Scoppettone
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(Deltistes luxatus) in Tule and Cle
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Terwilliger, M. 2006. Physical habi
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USBR [U.S. Bureau of Reclamation].
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Williams, J.E. 2000. Chapter 13. Th
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Arthington, A.H., S.E. Bunn, N.L. P
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Beeman, J., S. Juhnke, G. Stutzer a
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Brommer, J.E. 2000. The evolution o
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Department of the Army Regional Gen
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Chilcote, M. W. 2003. Relationship
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Dunsmoor LK, and Huntington CW. 200
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Foott, J.S., R. Stone, E. Wiseman,
Page 467 and 468:
Habera, J.W., R.J. Strange, B.D. Ca
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Hemstreet, T. 2013. Electronic mail
Page 471 and 472:
Jordan, M. S. 2012. Hydraulic predi
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Kostow, K. E., A. R. Marshall and S
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MacFarlane, R. B., S. Hayes, and B.
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Moyle, P. B. 2002. Inland Fishes of
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PacifiCorp Klamath Hydroelectric Pr
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Oregon Department of Environmental
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Puckridge, J. T., F. Sheldon, K. F.
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Ring, T.E. and B. Watson. 1999. Eff
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Sommer, T. R., M. L. Nobriga, W. C.
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Taylor, R. 1991. A review of local
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USFWS [U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv
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Ward G, and Armstrong N. 2010. Asse
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Winker, K., J. H. Rappole, and M. A
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77 FR 476. National Marine Fisherie
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UKL Elevation (feet) Active Storage
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16.2 Appendix B: Elevation Flow Dat
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490
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Week of Water Year 1981 1982 1983 1
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Water Year October November Decembe
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16.3 Appendix C: Description of Res
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4. Removal of Small Dams (permanent
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Information regarding consideration
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9. Piping Ditches a. Project Descri
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. Site-Specific Restrictions Restri
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6. Protection Measures The followin
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to enter or be placed where they co
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shall be distributed throughout the
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weed free straw, silt fences) are i
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the project is located, and compris
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2. Post Construction Monitoring and
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Median Seasonal Flow (acre-feet) Me
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Median Seasonal Net Inflow (acre-fe
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16.5 Appendix E: Observed and Model
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Observed and modeled proposed actio
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Observed and modeled proposed actio
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16.6 Appendix F: Analyzing the rela
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Table 1. Paired comparison of the c
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Table 3. The difference in the mean
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