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species that would be exposed to dewatering effects. Where structural placements are small and discrete, salmonids are expected to avoid the active construction area and thus will not be crushed. When structural placements are large or cover a large area, such as gravel augmentation, some juvenile salmonids may be injured or killed. However, the number of juveniles injured or killed is expected to be no more than the number of individuals that will be killed by desiccation after the reach is dewatered without such structural placement. Fish relocation is expected to remove most salmonids. In essence, juvenile fish that are not relocated will be killed by either dewatering or structural placement. 12.4.2.4 Increased Mobilization of Sediment within the Stream Channel The proposed restoration project types involve various degrees of earth disturbance. Inherent with earth disturbance is the potential to increase background suspended sediment loads for a short period during and following project completion. All project types involving ground disturbance in or adjacent to streams are expected to increase turbidity and suspended sediment levels within the project work site and downstream areas. Therefore, instream habitat improvement, instream barrier modification for fish passage improvement, stream bank stabilization, fish passage improvements at stream crossings, small dam removal 11 , creation of off channel/side channel habitat, and fish screen construction may result in increased mobilization of sediment into streams. Although riparian restoration may involve ground disturbance adjacent to streams, the magnitude and intensity of this ground disturbance is expected to be small and isolated to the riparian area. Fish screen projects are not expected to release appreciable sediment into the aquatic environment. 12.4.2.4.1 Exposure In general, sediment-related effects are expected during the summer construction season (June 15 to November 1), as well as during peak-flow winter storm events when remaining loose sediment is mobilized. During summer construction, the species and life stages most likely to be exposed to potential effects of increased sediment mobilization are juvenile coho salmon. As loose sediment is mobilized by higher winter flows, adult coho salmon may also be exposed to increased turbidity. Removal of small dams and road crossing projects will have the greatest potential for releasing excess sediment. However, minimization measures, such as removing excess sediment from the dewatered channel prior to returning flow will limit the amount of sediment released. The increased mobilization of sediment is not likely to degrade spawning gravel because project related sediment mobilization should be minimal due to the use of sideboards and minimization measures. This small amount of sediment is expected to affect only a short distance downstream, and should be easily displaced by either higher fall/winter flows or redd building. In the winter, the high flows will carry excess fine sediment downstream to point bars and areas with slower water velocities. Because redds are built where water velocities are 11 Because of the sideboards and engineering requirements described in the proposed action, small dam removal is expected to have similar sediment mobilization effects as culvert replacement or removal 361
higher, the minimally increased sediment mobilization is not expected to smother existing redds. Therefore, salmonid eggs and alevin are not expected to be exposed to the negligible increase in sediment on redds. Since most restoration activities will focus on improving areas of poor instream habitat, NMFS expects the number of fish inhabiting individual project areas during these periods of increased sediment input, and thus directly affected by construction activities, to be relatively small. 12.4.2.4.2 Response Restoration activities may cause temporary increases in turbidity and deposition of excess sediment may alter channel dynamics and stability (Habersack and Nachtnebel 1995, Hilderbrand et al. 1997, Powell 1997, Hilderbrand et al. 1998). Erosion and runoff during precipitation and snowmelt will increase the supply of sediment to streams. Heavy equipment operation in upland and riparian areas increases soil compaction, which can increase runoff during precipitation. High runoff can then, in turn, increase the frequency and duration of high stream flows in construction areas. Higher stream flows increase stream energy that can scour stream bottoms and transport greater sediment loads farther downstream than would otherwise occur. Sediment may affect fish by a variety of mechanisms. High concentrations of suspended sediment can disrupt normal feeding behavior (Berg and Northcote 1985), reduce growth rates (Crouse et al. 1981), and increase plasma cortisol levels (Servizi and Martens 1992). Increased sediment deposition can fill pools and reduce the amount of cover available to fish, decreasing the survival of juveniles (Alexander and Hansen 1986) and holding habitat for adults. Excessive fine sediment can interfere with development and emergence of salmonids (Chapman 1988). Upland erosion and sediment delivery can increase substrate embeddedness. These factors make it harder for fish to excavate redds, and decreases redd aeration (Cederholm et al. 1997). High levels of fine sediment in streambeds can also reduce the abundance of food for juvenile salmonids (Cordone and Kelly 1961, Bjornn et al. 1977). Short-term increases in turbidity are anticipated to occur during dewatering activities and/or during construction of a coffer dam. Research with salmonids has shown that high turbidity concentrations can: reduce feeding efficiency, decrease food availability, reduce dissolved oxygen in the water column, result in reduced respiratory functions, reduce tolerance to diseases, and can also cause fish mortality (Berg and Northcote 1985, Gregory and Northcote 1993, Velagic 1995, Waters 1995). Mortality of coho salmon fry can result from increased turbidity (Sigler et al. 1984). Even small pulses of turbid water will cause salmonids to disperse from established territories (Waters 1995), which can displace fish into less suitable habitat and/or increase competition and predation, decreasing chances of survival. Nevertheless, much of the research mentioned above focused on turbidity levels significantly higher than those likely to result from the proposed restoration activities, especially with implementation of the proposed avoidance and minimization measures. Research investigating the effects of sediment concentration on fish density has routinely focused on high sediment levels. For example, Alexander and Hansen (1986) measured a 50 percent reduction in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) density in a Michigan stream after 362
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National Marine Fisheries Service U
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7.4.5 LRS and SNS Population Dynami
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11.1.5 Critical Assumptions .......
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16 APPENDICIES ....................
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Table 8.2 UKL end-of-month elevatio
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1. The act
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Figure 11.17. Coho salmon fry habit
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS Abbrevia
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Abbreviation/Acronym YTEP WDFW WRIM
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In 2001, the Services issued BiOps
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Findings of Fact and Order of Deter
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proposed changes to the vegetation
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Figure 3.1. The action area for Rec
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4 PROPOSED ACTION Reclamation propo
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4.2 Element Two Operate the Project
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October 1 and March 1. The proposed
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Reclamation incorporated the 1981 t
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Provide Project irrigation deliveri
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Table 4.3. UKL fill rate adjustment
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Table 4.5. Calculation of fall/wint
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Flows below IGD are ultimately the
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The EWA, Project Supply, and UKL Re
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Table 4.8. Environmental Water Acco
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eleases somewhat on the ascending l
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fish disease, die off, entrainment,
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acre-feet when the Project Supply c
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Table 4.11. Monthly maximum Lower K
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4.2.4 Ramp-Down Rates at Iron Gate
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progresses and EWA volumes are upda
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O&M activities are carried out eith
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1. The A Canal has six headgates th
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Therefore, Reclamation proposes to
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coordinate with the NMFS to develop
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the confluence with Omogar Creek at
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though several major improvements t
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Sucker larvae transform into age-0
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units: (1) Clear Lake; (2) Tule Lak
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Figure 7.2. Adult spawning populati
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Table 7.1. Estimated LRS and SNS ad
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1905, Ch. 567, 33 Stat. 714). The P
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Figure 7.4 Modeled April through No
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7.9.2 Klamath Basin The Oregon Clim
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A change in mean precipitation rang
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Table 7.2 Impaired water bodies wit
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Table 7.3 Seasonal comparisons of p
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ammonia that is lethal to 50 percen
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Table 7.4 Estimated external phosph
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examination of juvenile suckers fro
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Evaluation of baseline hydrology in
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2012 1931 through 2012 12.6% 0.24 5
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The overall water year trend (Table
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Figure 7.7 Sprague River trends, wa
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Figure 7.9 Sprague River trends, wa
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Figure 7.12 Williamson River trends
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Figure 7.14 UKL trends, water years
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Figure 7.17 UKL: net inflow departu
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7.10.3.3 Competition and Predation
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By late July, surviving larval suck
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Threat Nature of Threat Life Stage
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2011) and increased adult spawning
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Based on the best available informa
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contrast, water levels began 1.5 ft
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evaporation and seepage estimated a
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prolonged low oxygen conditions if
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The April through September 4,034.6
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8 EFFECTS OF THE ACTION ON LOST RIV
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Although the volume of Project wate
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than 1 m), and fitting one or more
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Figure 8.3. UKL elevations at the e
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Services and Reclamation will deter
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For cumulative net inflow values be
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Figure 8.8. UKL elevations at the e
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Figure 8.10. UKL elevations at the
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Figure 8.12. UKL elevations at the
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natural and man-caused changes in i
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Table 8.1 UKL end-of-month surface
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UKL. Based on best available inform
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larvae in UKL. Annual production of
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Table 8.5 UKL end-of-month elevatio
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Based on our review of the literatu
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into the Pelican Bay water quality
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We assume that UKL surface elevatio
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vary by several orders of magnitude
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survival rates, we know that some o
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populations, and contains the large
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8.3.5.1 Effects to Adult Sucker Spa
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Table 8.8 Clear Lake surface elevat
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occur, especially in the west lobe.
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Table 8.9 End of the month surface
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8.3.7.4 Effects of Entrainment Loss
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The source of the sediment is unkno
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period when they migrate upstream t
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limited LRS and SNS persistence in
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term and localized and because fish
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8.5.1 Canal Salvage Reclamation pro
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high predation rates and failure of
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include the Klamath Basin Rangeland
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Figure 9.1 Designated CHUs for the
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These are discussed in greater deta
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The proposed action will have no ef
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No other spawning habitat exists be
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consulted on. Current monitoring da
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proposed action and this PCE suppor
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Because of a multi-decade lack of r
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Adverse effects of the proposed act
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that juvenile survival is most like
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elocation effort in Lake Ewauna to
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LRS and SNS population resiliency o
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stratum 4 (Interior Klamath) in whi
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Pacific salmonids Oncorhynchus spp.
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scenario, actions and elements of t
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flow prescriptions should mimic pro
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11.2.1 Current Condition of Critica
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11.2.2 Factors Affecting SONCC Coho
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e disoriented or displaced downstre
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enhancement, and rehabilitative act
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Water Temperature Sedimentation Org
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Figure 11.1 Longitudinal and season
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functioning floodplains that fail t
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downstream of IGD, (2) enhance coho
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few local ranchers and water distri
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in some tributaries, access to and
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11.3.7 Summary of Critical Habitat
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these two time periods, the effects
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consists of approximately 29,000 ac
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The PacifiCorp habitat conservation
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IGD, or used in constructed habitat
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estoration, watershed planning, sal
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Table 11.4. Modeled suspended sedim
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parasites Ceratomyxa shasta (causes
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that become infected is estimated t
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where snow water equivalent is proj
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minimizing disease risks, the detai
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Figure 11.4. Proposed action, histo
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Figure 11.6. Proposed action weekly
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Figure 11.9. Regression between EWA
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Figure 11.11. Proposed action and o
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Figure 11.12. Number of days per wa
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Figure 11.14. Monthly coefficient o
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IGD. The proposed action modeled da
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The results from Table 11.7 indicat
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likely to increase the quantity of
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habitat decreases between the Shast
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Table 11.9. Daily average mainstem
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Table 11.10. Daily average mainstem
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5% 3336 13176 27664 26168 30946 237
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The proposed action results in agri
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Figure 11.21. Monthly mean of daily
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Riparian restoration projects will
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expected to be typical riparian spe
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Table 11.13. Annual percent of proj
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esource needs as they grow, and 3)
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11.5.2 Klamath River Basin Adjudica
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coho salmon within the Klamath Rive
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aspects of a natural flow regime th
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element of coho salmon critical hab
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12.1.1.1 Risk Analyses for Endanger
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ESU DIVERSITY STRATA POPULATIONS IN
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eproduction, and distribution. The
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Figure 12.2. Historic population st
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the average ratio of IP-km to total
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Although long-term data on coho sal
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1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
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Page 329 and 330: 12.2.5.5 Viability Summary Though p
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Page 333 and 334: 12.2.6.2 Marine Derived Nutrients M
Page 335 and 336: fisheries south of Cape Falcon, Ore
Page 337 and 338: 12.3 Environmental Baseline of Coho
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Page 345 and 346: abundance threshold (Table 12.3). T
Page 347 and 348: mainstem Klamath and Trinity rivers
Page 349 and 350: Although there are risks to Klamath
Page 351 and 352: activities are generally beneficial
Page 353 and 354: 12.4 Effects to Individuals The pro
Page 355 and 356: 12.4.1.2 Response 12.4.1.2.1 Adults
Page 357 and 358: (2012) believes is representative o
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Page 361 and 362: flows provide a limit to the increa
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Page 367 and 368: etween Trees of Heaven (RM 172) and
Page 369 and 370: action. Reclamation estimated that
Page 371 and 372: Based on literature, increased comp
Page 373 and 374: Table 12.6. Summary of risks result
Page 375 and 376: most juveniles. Stream flow diversi
Page 377: at most fish relocation sites, base
Page 381 and 382: Small pulses of moderately turbid w
Page 383 and 384: Boulder faces in the deflector stru
Page 385 and 386: conditions may fail if those condit
Page 387 and 388: Adverse effects of the proposed act
Page 389 and 390: Potential Stressor Habitat Reductio
Page 391 and 392: Potential Stressor Elevated water t
Page 393 and 394: 12.6.2 Effects of fitness consequen
Page 395 and 396: 13 INCIDENTAL TAKE STATEMENT Sectio
Page 397 and 398: Table 13.1 Summary of maximum annua
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Page 401 and 402: Table 13.2 Estimated annual maximum
Page 403 and 404: 1.2.1.8. Incidental Take Caused by
Page 405 and 406: characteristics of aquatic species,
Page 407 and 408: Table 13.5 Expected annual Environm
Page 409 and 410: Cause of Incidental Take Habitat Re
Page 411 and 412: Clear Lake, Gerber Reservoir, and T
Page 413 and 414: This term and condition is requirin
Page 415 and 416: 13.4 Mandatory Monitoring and Repor
Page 417 and 418: Required hydrologic monitoring incl
Page 419 and 420: Table 13.7. Summary of LRS and SNS
Page 421 and 422: T&C or Mandatory Monitoring Mandato
Page 423 and 424: Table 13.9 Summary of reporting and
Page 425 and 426: Table 13.10 Summary of meetings req
Page 427 and 428: the above QA/QC procedures describe
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Barry, P.M., E.C. Janney, D.A. Hewi
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Burdick, S.M. and J. Rasmussen. 201
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Dunsmoor, L., L. Basdekas, B. Wood,
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Garen, D. 2011, Upper Klamath Basin
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Janney, E.C., B.S. Hayes, D.A. Hewi
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Laenen, A., and A.P. LeTourneau. 19
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Miller, R.R., and G.R. Smith. 1981.
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Perkins, D.L., and G.G. Scoppettone
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(Deltistes luxatus) in Tule and Cle
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Terwilliger, M. 2006. Physical habi
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USBR [U.S. Bureau of Reclamation].
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Williams, J.E. 2000. Chapter 13. Th
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Arthington, A.H., S.E. Bunn, N.L. P
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Beeman, J., S. Juhnke, G. Stutzer a
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Brommer, J.E. 2000. The evolution o
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Department of the Army Regional Gen
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Chilcote, M. W. 2003. Relationship
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Dunsmoor LK, and Huntington CW. 200
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Foott, J.S., R. Stone, E. Wiseman,
Page 467 and 468:
Habera, J.W., R.J. Strange, B.D. Ca
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Hemstreet, T. 2013. Electronic mail
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Jordan, M. S. 2012. Hydraulic predi
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Kostow, K. E., A. R. Marshall and S
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MacFarlane, R. B., S. Hayes, and B.
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Moyle, P. B. 2002. Inland Fishes of
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PacifiCorp Klamath Hydroelectric Pr
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Oregon Department of Environmental
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Puckridge, J. T., F. Sheldon, K. F.
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Ring, T.E. and B. Watson. 1999. Eff
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Sommer, T. R., M. L. Nobriga, W. C.
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Taylor, R. 1991. A review of local
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USFWS [U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv
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Ward G, and Armstrong N. 2010. Asse
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Winker, K., J. H. Rappole, and M. A
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77 FR 476. National Marine Fisherie
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UKL Elevation (feet) Active Storage
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16.2 Appendix B: Elevation Flow Dat
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490
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Week of Water Year 1981 1982 1983 1
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Water Year October November Decembe
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16.3 Appendix C: Description of Res
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4. Removal of Small Dams (permanent
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Information regarding consideration
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9. Piping Ditches a. Project Descri
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. Site-Specific Restrictions Restri
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6. Protection Measures The followin
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to enter or be placed where they co
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shall be distributed throughout the
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weed free straw, silt fences) are i
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the project is located, and compris
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2. Post Construction Monitoring and
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Median Seasonal Flow (acre-feet) Me
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Median Seasonal Net Inflow (acre-fe
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16.5 Appendix E: Observed and Model
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Observed and modeled proposed actio
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Observed and modeled proposed actio
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16.6 Appendix F: Analyzing the rela
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Table 1. Paired comparison of the c
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Table 3. The difference in the mean
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