Biological Opinions - Bureau of Reclamation

11.1.5 Critical Assumptions ............................................................................................... 206
11.2 Status of SONCC Coho Salmon Critical Habitat ....................................................... 207
11.2.1 Current Condition of Critical Habitat at the ESU Scale ......................................... 208
11.2.2 Factors Affecting SONCC Coho Salmon Critical Habitat ..................................... 210
11.3 Environmental Baseline of Coho Salmon Critical Habitat in the Action Area .......... 214
11.3.1 Habitat Conditions in the Action Area .................................................................... 215
11.3.2 Upper Klamath River Reach ................................................................................... 219
11.3.3 Middle Klamath River ............................................................................................ 221
11.3.4 Shasta River ............................................................................................................ 223
11.3.5 Scott River .............................................................................................................. 224
11.3.6 Salmon River .......................................................................................................... 227
11.3.7 Summary of Critical Habitat in Interior-Klamath Diversity Stratum ..................... 228
11.3.8 Factors Affecting Coho Salmon Critical Habitat in the Action Area ..................... 228
11.4 Effects to SONCC Coho Salmon ESU Critical Habitat.............................................. 247
11.4.1 Project Operations ................................................................................................... 247
11.4.2 Restoration Activities.............................................................................................. 278
11.5 Cumulative Effects...................................................................................................... 287
11.5.1 Control of Wildland Fires on Non-Federal Lands .................................................. 287
11.5.2 Klamath River Basin Adjudication ......................................................................... 288
11.5.3 Residential Development and Existing Residential Infrastructure ......................... 288
11.5.4 Recreation, Including Hiking, Camping, Fishing, and Hunting ............................. 289
11.5.5 Total Maximum Daily Loads .................................................................................. 289
11.6 Integration and Synthesis ............................................................................................ 289
11.6.1 Condition of Critical Habitat at the ESU Scale ...................................................... 290
11.6.2 Condition of Critical Habitat in the Interior Klamath Diversity Stratum ............... 290
11.6.3 Project Effects on Essential Habitat Types ............................................................. 291
11.6.4 Response and Risk to the SONCC Coho Salmon ESU Critical Habitat................. 294
11.7 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 294
12 SONCC COHO SALMON ESU ........................................................................................ 295
12.1 Analytical Approach ................................................................................................... 295
12.1.1 Overview of NMFS’ Assessment Framework ........................................................ 295
12.2 Status of the Species ................................................................................................... 300
12.2.1 Life History ............................................................................................................. 300
12.2.2 Distribution ............................................................................................................. 301
12.2.3 Conservation Needs of the Species ......................................................................... 302
12.2.4 Extinction Risk Criteria .......................................................................................... 303
12.2.5 Status and Trend ..................................................................................................... 305
12.2.6 Factors Responsible for the Current Status of SONCC Coho Salmon ESU .......... 313
12.3 Environmental Baseline of Coho Salmon in the Action Area .................................... 320
12.3.1 Periodicity of Coho Salmon in the Action Area ..................................................... 320
12.3.2 Risk of Extinction of Klamath Populations ............................................................ 325
12.3.3 Factors Affecting Coho Salmon in the Action Area ............................................... 329
12.4 Effects to Individuals .................................................................................................. 336
12.4.1 Project Operations ................................................................................................... 336
12.4.2 Restoration Activities.............................................................................................. 356
12.5 Cumulative Effects...................................................................................................... 366
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