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Sealing the STRAIT 93 Thousand barrels daily US - 270 352 529 508 37 16 16 14 75 89 29 34 1967 Canada 2459 - - 3 34 - - † † 1 † † † 2498 Mexico 1299 28 - 88 155 - - - 38 - 1 1 † 1609 South & Central America 2418 21 26 - 509 23 - 334 116 1 163 1 2 3616 Europe 900 168 118 100 - 352 1 5 11 29 110 28 202 2023 Former Soviet Union 492 33 4 61 6428 22 12 453 40 165 105 133 236 8184 Middle East 2398 125 12 116 2564 899 108 1844 2167 3960 1072 4800 64 20128 North Africa 665 179 4 103 2039 20 5 83 87 9 2 63 - 3260 West Africa 1825 105 1 301 992 90 - 783 332 21 1 134 3 4587 From East & Southern Africa - - - † 12 - - 213 16 99 5 12 - 357 Australasia 35 † † - 1 - - 19 3 52 70 132 † 312 China 15 † - 83 6 9 5 - 1 27 43 191 6 388 India 6 - - 32 70 - - 5 - 30 142 417 17 718 Japan - - 11 2 24 - 54 103 12 - 97 51 2 356 Singapore - † 1 22 50 33 250 93 61 29 - 1026 17 1583 Other Asia-Pacific 108 1 12 32 52 11 403 442 117 422 786 - 5 2391 Unidentified* 252 51 - - 307 - 35 - - 5 - - - 650 Total Imports 12872 981 541 1473 13751 1496 889 4393 3016 4925 2685 7017 588 54626 * Includes changes in the quantity of oil in transit, movements not otherwise shown, unidentified military use, etc. † Less than 0.05 Table 1: Inter-area movements 2008 (British Petroleum)
94 australian maritime issues 2009: spc-a annual Mitigating the Shock A worst-case scenario is qualified by the potential of alternative means of transporting energy from the Gulf, plus the production of alternative energies. Saudi Arabia has two pipelines that can transport crude from the Gulf coast to the Red Sea, though they are expensive to maintain and operate. The Petroline has the capacity to carry 5 million b/d to the port of Yanbu off the Red Sea, used to supply European markets. The Abqaiq-Yanbu natural gas liquids line runs alongside the Petroline and as of 2008 had a capacity of 555,000b/d. 73 In the UAE, contractors China Petroleum Engineering and Construction Corp are currently constructing a $3.29 billion, 400km long oil pipeline leading to the port of Fujairah on the east coast. The Oil Terminal 2 pipeline will transport oil from the onshore Habshan field in the emirate of Abu Dhabi, which pumps roughly 95 per cent of the crude oil in the UAE. Officials expect the pipeline to be operational by the end of 2010, meaning that the UAE could divert up to 78 per cent of its crude oil exports away from the Persian Gulf route. The pipeline will redirect up to 1.8 million b/d away from the Strait of Hormuz, and will save tankers up to 24 hours of sailing time compared to the existing port in the Persian Gulf. 74 However it should be noted that oil pipeline capacity continues to be limited, and falls drastically short of the 17 million b/d target. Similarly, liquefied natural gas (LNG) pipelines for exporting gas outside the Gulf simply cannot match the level of seaborne LNG traffic. Qatar is the world’s leading LNG exporter, exporting close to 911,000b/d (mostly to Japan, South Korea, India and Spain), totalling nearly 2325 million barrels (1.4 trillion cf) in 2008. 75 Even at maximum capacity, the Abqaiq-Yanbu gas pipeline could only transport half of Qatar’s daily LNG exports. Nonetheless, if the need arises the GCC states are likely to use the pipelines to full capacity, and due to the perceived threat from Iran, will continue to develop existing pipelines. 76 PART TWO The Gulf Cooperation Council I and my brother against my cousin, and I and my cousin against the stranger. Arab Proverb 77 The above proverb aptly describes the real relationships between the members of the GCC. Although they are likely to overlook their differences in the face of a genuine threat from a non-Gulf power, in less ominous times the members treat each other with varying degrees of suspicion, and nearly all notable achievements are bilateral rather than collective agreements. Border disputes have particularly undermined the
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