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Sealing the STRAIT 105 to add to the deterrent power of the GCC defence structure. Indeed, emphasising its coordination with an ally will be a strategic imperative: even the threat of US intervention will act as a deterrent for military belligerence from Iran. Thus, it will be necessary for the GCC to host foreign forces and accept foreign strategic advisors. 134 4. Consensus-based decision making and collective security action. Unlike some security regimes, the GCC should not embrace the principle that ‘an attack on one state constitutes an attack on all’. Instead, member states should respond to particular provocations on the basis of a consensus decision to act collectively. Noll argues this would allow for broader possibilities of action and would not compromise ideas of individual sovereignty. 135 If the GCC can successfully ground itself as an organised and practical force through the above steps, it will have greater potential as a deterrent and as a major power in the Gulf. Notes 1 Frederic Wehrey, et al, Dangerous but not Omnipotent: Exploring the Reach and Limitations of Iranian Power in the Middle East, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, 2009, p. 155. 2 John Bruni, ‘The Future of US Policy in the Arabian Gulf’, paper presented to the <strong>Royal</strong> United Services Institute of South Australia, Adelaide, 7 September 2009, (1 April 2010). 3 As noted by Caitlin Talmadge, ‘Closing Time: Assessing the Iranian Threat to the Strait of Hormuz’, International Security, vol. 33, no. 1, 2008, p. 84. 4 As defined by the US Energy Information Agency (EIA), chokepoints are ‘narrow channels along widely used global sea routes. They are a critical part of global energy security due to the high volume of oil traded through their narrow straits’, see US EIA, ‘World Oil Transit Chokepoints’ (24 April 2010). 5 RK Ramazani, The Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz, Sijthoff & Noordhoff, Netherlands, 1979, p. 7. 6 Pirouz Mojtahed-Zadeh, Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf, Curzon Press, Surrey, 1999, p. 27; Fariborz Haghshenass, Iran’s Asymmetric Naval Warfare, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Policy Focus No. 87, September 2008, p. 2.
106 australian maritime issues 2009: spc-a annual 7 Ramazani, The Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz, p. 5. 8 Haghshenass, ‘Iran’s Asymmetric Naval Warfare’, p. 2. 9 Strauss Centre, ‘Strait of Hormuz- Assessing Threats to Energy Security in the Persian Gulf’, Robert S Strauss Center for International Security and Law, Austin, Texas, 2008, (15 March 2010). 10 US Census Bureau, ‘Foreign Trade’, US Census Bureau, May 2010, and (15 May 2010). 11 US Census Bureau, ‘Foreign Trade’. 12 United Nations General Assembly, ‘UN Convention on the Law of the Sea’, 1982, (25 April 2010). 13 International Maritime Organization, ‘UN International Maritime Organization’, 2002, (6 May 2010). 14 Mojtahed-Zadeh, Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf, p. 27. 15 Haghshenass, ‘Iran’s Asymmetric Naval Warfare’, p. 2. 16 Mojtahed-Zadeh, Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf, p. 27. 17 Ramazani, The Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz, p. 72. 18 Strauss Center, ‘Strait of Hormuz- Assessing Threats to Energy Security in the Persian Gulf’. 19 See Martin S Navias and ER Horton, Tanker Wars: The Assault on Merchant Shipping during the Iran-Iraq Conflict, 1980-1988, Tauris, London, 1996. 20 Dietl, Gulshan Dietl, ‘Iran in the Emerging Greater Middle East’, in Bjørn Møller, (ed), Oil and Water: Cooperative Security in the Persian Gulf, Tauris, London, 2001, p. 74. 21 Jamal S Al Suwaidi, (ed), Iran and the Gulf: A Search for Stability, The Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research, Abu Dhabi, 1996, p. 96. 22 See Møller, Oil and Water, pp. 96-8. 23 Strauss Center, ‘Strait of Hormuz- Assessing Threats to Energy Security in the Persian Gulf’. 24 Email discussion with Michael Connell, Centre for Naval Analyses (CNA), Alexandria, Virginia, April 2010. 25 Dagobert Brito and Amy M Jaffe, ‘Reducing Vulnerability of the Strait of Hormuz’, in Henry Sokolski and Patrick Clawson, (eds), Getting Ready for a Nuclear Iran, Strategic Studies Institute, Carlisle, 2005, p. 210. 26 Kenneth Pollack, ‘Securing the Persian Gulf: Washington Must Manage Both External Aggression and Internal Instability’, The Brookings Review, 2003, (28 March 2010). 27 Global Security Analysis, ‘Diego Garcia ‘Camp Justice’ 7°20´S 72°25´E, 2010, (18 May 2010). 28 International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), The Military Balance 2010, James Hackett (ed), Routledge, London, 2010, p. 240. 29 Philippe Alfroy, ‘Sarkozy opens first French military base in Gulf’, Sydney Morning Herald, 26 May 2009, (12 March 2010).
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