the weaknesses of expeditionary operations when compared with continental defence 143 Notes 1 Curtin quoted in FG Clarke, Australia: A Concise Political and Social History, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Sydney, Australia, 1992, p. 254. 2 G Cheeseman, ‘From Forward Defence to Self-Reliance: Changes and Continuities in <strong>Australian</strong> Defence Policy 1965-90’, <strong>Australian</strong> Journal of Political Science, vol. 26, Canberra, 1991, p. 429. 3 Commonwealth Parliamentary Directive, vol. H of R45, 29/04/65, p. 1061, cited in Ian MacNeil, To Long Tan: The Official History of the <strong>Australian</strong> Army and the Vietnam War 1950-1966, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1993, p. 68. 4 Cheeseman, ‘From Forward Defence to Self-Reliance’, p. 430. 5 Figures taken from Charles EW Bean, The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914-1918: Vols. I, II, V, <strong>Australian</strong> War Memorial, Canberra, 1941, (various editions are available). The Official Histories may also be read online at (20 February 2010). 6 Ernest Scott, The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914-1918: Vol. XI, <strong>Australian</strong> War Memorial, Canberra, 1941, Appendix 8, p. 874. By the end of World War I, the AIF, along with its Dominion counterparts from New Zealand and Canada, had earned a reputation as a highly effective and professional component of a coalition army, the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). Arguably, the development of the legend of Anzac during this period still permeates the <strong>Australian</strong> Defence Force’s mindset today and has an influence on expeditionary operational activity. 7 During World War II the policy ostensibly resulted in Australia fielding two separate armies - the AIF, which initially deployed to the Middle East, Malaya and the islands to our north - and the militia, which fought against the Japanese in Australia’s then New Guinea Territories. Interestingly, both forces were expeditionary in nature. 8 W Tow, ‘ANZUS: Regional versus Global Security in Asia?’, International Relations of the Asia Pacific, vol. 5, 2005, p. 201. 9 Department of Defence, The Defence of Australia 1987, <strong>Australian</strong> Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1987. 10 Cheeseman, ‘From Forward Defence to Self-Reliance’, p. 438. 11 G Evans & B Grant, Australia’s Foreign Relations, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1995, pp. 29-30. 12 K Beazley, Minister for Defence, Selected Speeches 1985-89, Directorate of Defence Publications, Canberra, 1989. 13 Paul Dibb, ‘Australia-United States’, in Brendon Taylor (ed), Australia as an Asia Pacific Regional Power: Friendships in Flux? Routledge Publications, New York, 2007, p. 38. 14 Details of Australia’s commitment to the ANZUS and other security treaties and arrangements during the 1950s and 1960s are well articulated in McNeil, To Long Tan. 15 Dibb, ‘Australia-United States’, p. 34. 16 Dibb, ‘Australia-United States’, p. 5.
144 australian maritime issues 2009: spc-a annual 17 In a presentation to the Expeditionary Operations elective a presenter articulated in a very real sense that, the South-West Pacific during World War II aside, every operation ever mounted by Australia offshore, irrespective of time or distance, has been expeditionary in nature. 18 A Stephens, ‘The Defence of Australia and the Limits of Land Power’, Security Challenges, vol. 3, no. 4, November 2007, p. 30. 19 Stephens, ‘The Defence of Australia and the Limits of Land Power’, p. 32. 20 G Mills, Ten Counterinsurgency Commandments from Afghanistan, Foreign Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, 2007, quoted in Stephens, ‘The Defence of Australia and the Limits of Land Power’, p. 32. 21 Williamson Murray, ‘Thoughts on Military History and the Profession of Arms’, in Williamson Murray and Richard Sinnreich (eds) The Past as Prologue: The Importance of History to the Military Profession, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, 2006, p. 83. 22 George R Lucas, ‘This is not your Father’s War - Confronting the Moral Challenges of Unconventional War’, Leadership & Ethics Papers, 2/2009, <strong>Australian</strong> Defence College, Canberra, 2009, p. 9. 23 <strong>Royal</strong> <strong>Australian</strong> Air Force, AAP 1000-D, The Air Power Manual, Air Power Development Centre, Canberra, 2008, p. 169. 24 <strong>Australian</strong> Defence Force, Amphib 2014: Australia’s Amphibious Concept, Canberra, 14 October 2009, p. 7. 25 Sanu Kainikara, ‘NATO in Operation ALLIED FORCE’, in Keith Brent (ed), Air Expeditionary Operations from World War II until Today, Proceedings of the 2008 RAAF History Conference, Air Power Development Centre, Canberra, 2008, p. 108. 26 Kainikara, ‘NATO in Operation ALLIED FORCE’ p. 108. 27 F Brenchley, ‘The Howard Defence Doctrine’, The Bulletin, 28 September 1999. 28 Tow, ‘ANZUS: Regional versus Global Security in Asia?’ p. 210. 29 Dibb, ‘Australia-United States’ p. 33. 30 H White, ‘Anzac, our Achilles heel?’, The Age, Melbourne, 24 May 2007. 31 Tow, ‘ANZUS: Regional versus Global Security in Asia?’ p. 199. 32 Department of Defence, Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Century: Force 2030, Canberra, 2009.
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