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is the adf too stove-piped to effectively undertake expeditionary operations? 151 airfield. For Army, the answer is unclear and the following examples demonstrate this, the first by Lieutenant General Peter Leahy in 2006 and the second by Major General John Caligari in 2009: A glance at Australian battle honours – from the Sudan in the 1880s, through South Africa, both World Wars, Korea, Vietnam, Afghanistan as well as both the wars against Iraq – reveals an expeditionary military culture that in turn supports a grand strategy built on an alliance with the dominant liberal democratic power de jour. 24 Given the dispersed nature of the Army and the large distances between its bases and the areas it is expected to deploy forces to, all Land Force operations require an expeditionary mindset which is not currently encapsulated in Army’s doctrine or concepts. The formal development of an Expeditionary Orientation Concept is required to mitigate the gap. 25 These two quotes by senior Army officers seem to contradict each other – although three years separate the quotes and they are given under different federal governments, they raise the question – does the Army have an expeditionary culture yet not an expeditionary orientation? If the Services cannot agree, how can the ADF define what is an expeditionary orientation? Recent history shows the ADF can operate jointly and undertake expeditions but this does not mean that the ADF has an expeditionary orientation or a joint culture. The 2009 Defence White Paper clearly states that the ADF must be prepared to conduct operations in all parts of the world. 26 The White Paper also identifies the roles of the ADF as ranging from major conflict to humanitarian assistance and disaster relief. 27 The White Paper indicates that the conduct of operations on Australian territorial soil is priority 1, regardless of how unlikely this may be. The priority 2 zone for the ADF is in the Southwest Pacific and the archipelago to Australia’s north and it is clearly in this environment that at least some part of the ADF should be structured. An examination of this region shows the lack of infrastructure available to the ADF. Airfields capable of facilitating operations for C-130s are limited, and for C-17s even more so and this is without considering the effect of a major disaster. Therefore, the most likely entry means for the ADF is by amphibious ships. Although most islands in the region have port facilities, these are limited and when the result of a major disaster is considered, these may be unusable. As such, the ADF needs to be prepared to lodge humanitarian teams by sea over an austere beach. The Australian Amphibious Concept considers permanently assigning a high-readiness combat team to the amphibious ships, if so the land forces will be required to complete amphibious competencies. 28 Given the likely scope and duration of this training regime, it is likely that this training requirement will have a major impact on the Army’s Brigade rotation cycle.
152 australian maritime issues 2009: spc-a annual An expeditionary force will be required to train regularly together. A review of amphibious training activities over the last ten years would indicate that the Army’s 3rd Brigade has provided the land force component. 29 Yet surprisingly, when short notice operational tasking has occurred, such as Operation PADANG ASSIST, elements of the 1st Brigade were deployed, even though no recent joint training had occurred between the Brigade and naval elements. In addition, operational tempo and maintenance cycles are limiting the ability to conduct individual and collective training. 30 What is of more concern is that work-up exercises between the amphibious ships and other elements likely to make up the Amphibious Ready Element (ARE) and Amphibious Ready Group (ARG) is not occurring at all. 31 If the ADF was required to deploy an ARE and ARG at short notice to conduct a potentially contested operation in the region, the current training regimes do not provide sufficient time for familiarisation between elements of the task group. Due to operational tempo, the situation is worse for the C-17s and C-130s and the air deployable elements in the ADF. Although the ADF has a history of conducting expeditionary operations, and is currently conducting them, the ADF does not have a structured, programmed training regime to develop and maintain the skills required to conduct expeditionary operations. This implies that the ADF does not have an expeditionary orientation and unless changes are made to the ADF’s training and exercise schedule in the immediate future, it is unlikely to be able to fully exploit the capability provided by the LHDs in 2014. Conclusion This paper has examined the ADF to determine if it is truly a joint force with an expeditionary orientation. The command and control function and the equipment procurement process of the ADF are clearly designed to facilitate a joint, interoperable ADF. Combined with this the joint training for logistics and support trades is ensuring that common process and procedures are employed across the three Services. The single Service equipment management agencies and organisations like JLC and JHSA are not only saving resources, but also improving the interoperability of the ADF. Unfortunately, this interoperability does not extend into the combat elements, where real savings for the ADF are possible. The current single Service stove-pipes of the ADF still maintain a strong influence and control over the employment of the ADF. The JOC OPR should dictate to the Services the quantity and type of forces required by the ADF, however, as resources are not assigned with the JOC OPR serials, the Services control the force structure of the ADF. In addition, the doctrine process of the ADF is broken as it is not being directed by higher-level joint concepts. Even the process of managing the ADF workforce is controlled by the Services, thereby not allowing effective and efficient management of the total workforce. This is particularly relevant to those trades and skills necessary to ensure that the ADF has a balanced workforce necessary for expeditionary operations.
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