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the weaknesses of expeditionary operations when compared with continental defence
143
Notes
1
Curtin quoted in FG Clarke, Australia: A Concise Political and Social History, Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich, Sydney, Australia, 1992, p. 254.
2
G Cheeseman, ‘From Forward Defence to Self-Reliance: Changes and Continuities in Australian
Defence Policy 1965-90’, Australian Journal of Political Science, vol. 26, Canberra, 1991, p. 429.
3
Commonwealth Parliamentary Directive, vol. H of R45, 29/04/65, p. 1061, cited in Ian MacNeil,
To Long Tan: The Official History of the Australian Army and the Vietnam War 1950-1966, Allen
& Unwin, Sydney, 1993, p. 68.
4
Cheeseman, ‘From Forward Defence to Self-Reliance’, p. 430.
5
Figures taken from Charles EW Bean, The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914-1918:
Vols. I, II, V, Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 1941, (various editions are available). The
Official Histories may also be read online at
(20 February 2010).
6
Ernest Scott, The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914-1918: Vol. XI, Australian War
Memorial, Canberra, 1941, Appendix 8, p. 874. By the end of World War I, the AIF, along with
its Dominion counterparts from New Zealand and Canada, had earned a reputation as a highly
effective and professional component of a coalition army, the British Expeditionary Force
(BEF). Arguably, the development of the legend of Anzac during this period still permeates the
Australian Defence Force’s mindset today and has an influence on expeditionary operational
activity.
7
During World War II the policy ostensibly resulted in Australia fielding two separate armies -
the AIF, which initially deployed to the Middle East, Malaya and the islands to our north - and
the militia, which fought against the Japanese in Australia’s then New Guinea Territories.
Interestingly, both forces were expeditionary in nature.
8
W Tow, ‘ANZUS: Regional versus Global Security in Asia?’, International Relations of the Asia
Pacific, vol. 5, 2005, p. 201.
9
Department of Defence, The Defence of Australia 1987, Australian Government Publishing
Service, Canberra, 1987.
10
Cheeseman, ‘From Forward Defence to Self-Reliance’, p. 438.
11
G Evans & B Grant, Australia’s Foreign Relations, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne,
1995, pp. 29-30.
12
K Beazley, Minister for Defence, Selected Speeches 1985-89, Directorate of Defence
Publications, Canberra, 1989.
13
Paul Dibb, ‘Australia-United States’, in Brendon Taylor (ed), Australia as an Asia Pacific
Regional Power: Friendships in Flux? Routledge Publications, New York, 2007, p. 38.
14
Details of Australia’s commitment to the ANZUS and other security treaties and arrangements
during the 1950s and 1960s are well articulated in McNeil, To Long Tan.
15
Dibb, ‘Australia-United States’, p. 34.
16
Dibb, ‘Australia-United States’, p. 5.