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naval cooperation: a view from india 291 • Bilateral Cooperation. Bilateral cooperative arrangements have a higher threshold of common minimum interests than multilateral arrangements and also permit easier execution. Therefore, bilateral cooperation forums are more fruitful. Networks of bilateral cooperative arrangements enable states to customise their relationships, maximising the value and minimising the risks. In short, by simply increasing the bilateral relationships, the quality of cooperation on the whole also stands to improve. Thus, multilateral cooperative arrangements need to provide adequate ‘room’ for bilateral cooperation. NORMAL CONDITION - INTEROPERABILITY EXISTS SUB-REGIONAL REGIONAL NAVY GLOBAL CONSTRUCT CONSTRUCT COAST GUARD CONSTRUCT WHEN COMMON MARITIME INTERESTS EXIST SUB-REGIONAL REGIONAL NAVY GLOBAL CONSTRUCT CONSTRUCT COAST GUARD CONSTRUCT WELL ROUNDED - FORCE WITHOUT INTEROPERABILITY SUB-REGIONAL CONSTRUCT NAVY COAST GUARD REGIONAL CONSTRUCT GLOBAL CONSTRUCT Figure 2: The three conditions of Interoperability Model (Manav Sehgal)
292 australian maritime issues 2009: spc-a annual • Interoperability. Even if there is willingness between nations to cooperate, successful execution is not guaranteed unless there is interoperability between them. ‘Interoperability is about much more than commonality of equipment, and we would be unwise to restrict ourselves to unduly narrow mental constructs’. 21 It includes the development of standard operating procedures, common or compatible doctrine and tactics, techniques and procedures. 22 Interoperability is required at the minimum across the core management foundations of policy, organisation, training, material, leadership and education. Consequently, there is a need for existing mechanisms at various levels to be aggressively and imaginatively used to promote interoperability. An interoperability model elucidating cooperation at various levels is illustrated below and shows how the lack of interoperability inhibits cooperation. Conclusion Although our forces can surge when necessary to respond to crises, trust and cooperation cannot be surged. They must be built over time. A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower 25 The end of the Cold War has irrevocably altered the character of international relations. One of the most noticeable changes has been the increased willingness of nations to ‘cooperate’ in a mutually beneficial way. Likewise, in the maritime domain, naval cooperation activities have also received a fillip. Increasingly, navies are cooperating for combating crime at sea, pollution control, exploitation of oceanic resources and mutual assistance during disaster situations. Besides these, the indirect spin offs of cooperation have been cost cutting by sharing of assets and mutual learning. That good relations between nations augur better cooperation can be understood without difficulty; however this essay asserts that the converse is also true. In sum it proclaims that ‘defence cooperation follows as well as builds good bilateral (and multilateral) relations’. 23 While naval cooperation promotes transparency between states and prevents assumptions of worst case scenarios, absence of cooperation frequently leads to expansion of disputes. Consciously aware, nations use cooperation as a platform to showcase their preparedness and economic, industrial, scientific and military might. This adds to the net deterrence value of the armed forces and also improves the national image. Sustained cooperation helps in changing mindsets not only of the participants but of the nations through the media. Greater economic relations as a result of naval cooperation increase dependency and develop into disincentives to conflicts. Despite this, much remains to be accomplished in the realm of naval cooperation. International naval cooperation needs to be dovetailed with the actions of the UN. There is also a
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