Assisting the older driver - SWOV

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Advanced driver assistance systems that fit the needs of the older driver that are implemented are not directly associated with risk reduction and if warning systems give clear and timely warnings about situations and actions that are really risky. The opposite scenario could lead to increased risks: speed limits that are so cautious that they are ignored can result in drivers also ignoring warning signs that actually do indicate a real danger. Taking larger risks is not the only form of behavioural adaptation that can accompany the introduction of safety measures. Other forms of behavioural adaptation (or modification) that are described in the literature are generalization of behaviour, delegation of responsibility and diffusion of behaviour (Broughton, 1994). Generalization of behaviour means that behaviour that is suitable in certain situations is also displayed in situations in which it is not suitable. For example, infrastructure‐based ITS which allow drivers on certain roads to drive at a constant, high speed for a long period of time (in a train of cars), can make normal speeds at regular roads look like a snail’s pace. As a result, speeds at the latter roads will also increase (Broughton, 1994; Janssen, 2000). Delegation of responsibility means that the driverʹs trust in a driver assistance system is so big that he becomes less attentive. In combination with a restricted understanding of what the system does and does not do, this may cause the driver to also rely on the system in situations in which the system does not work (either because the current task does not belong to its functionalities or because the system fails). It is clear what the road safety consequences will be if a traffic situation asks for a reaction, the driver assistance system cannot interfere, and the driver does not realize that he himself has to react or realizes this too late because he is not alert enough. Stanton and Marsden (1997; cited in ETSC, 1999) have demonstrated the reality of this scenario in a simulator study: more than half of the participants were not capable of reacting effectively after a simulated collision warning system failed. The last form of behavioural adaptation, diffusion of behaviour, refers to the imitation of the behaviour of other drivers. An example of diffusion of behaviour is that the behaviour that is shown by drivers that have a certain system installed in their car (e.g., short gaps, high speeds) is being imitated by drivers that do not have the system at their disposal (ETSC, 1999). A form of behavioural adaptation that could arise among older adults, is withdrawal of compensation behaviour. This can be illustrated by the 147
Assisting the older driver introduction of vision enhancement systems. Older drivers generally compensate for their impaired night‐time visual acuity and sensitivity to glare by avoiding to drive at night. As a result, the number of crashes involving older drivers at night is relatively low (Aizenberg & McKenzie, 1997; Hakamies‐Blomqvist, 1994b, 1994c; McGwin & Brown, 1999; Zhang et al., 1998). When the large‐scale introduction of night vision enhancement systems makes older adults drive again at night, this will increase their mobility and improve their quality of life. However, it has to be seen whether the use of night vision enhancement systems will provide a similar risk compensation for impaired night‐time visual acuity as does the older driver’s compensation strategy of not driving at night (Caird et al., 1998; Smiley, 2000). As adaptive behaviour will not necessarily manifest itself during evaluations in simulators or during field tests, it is difficult for designers to anticipate the influence of behavioural adaptation on the effects of newly designed ADAS. All they can do is use the available knowledge on behavioural adaptation, and design the application in such a way that it can easily be adjusted if driver behaviour gives rise to that (Howarth, 1993). 7.3.5. Interaction between drivers with and without ADAS Automation of (elements of) the driving task does not only affect the isolated behaviour of the supported driver (i.e., the driver that has the system installed in his car). It can also influence interactions between the supported driver and other road users. Driver support may, for example, lead to cars that – in the eyes of other road users – act like an alien. This ʺextraterrestrial behaviourʺ can cause confusion among these other road users, which might result in negative road safety consequences (Heijer et al., 2001). These problems will particularly occur in the period between no and full implementation of the system, a period that can last a couple of decades (ETSC, 1999). In the meantime, systems that automate (parts of) the driving task should be designed in such a way that they imitate the traffic behaviour of real drivers as much as possible. 148
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Assisting the older driver Appendix
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Samenvatting Samenvatting Dit proef
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Samenvatting Verkeersveiligheidsmaa
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Samenvatting jongere automobilisten
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Curriculum Vitae Curriculum Vitae R
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Assisting the older driver Nottingh
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Assisting the older driver - SWOV

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