Assisting the older driver - SWOV

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Intersection design and the older driver United States of America, and the infrastructure in these states is rather different from the one in Europe, all measures have been thoroughly screened with the help of Dutch engineers (Davidse, 2002). The measures were screened on the possibility and desirability to translate them to the European situation. Only those measures and recommendations that were judged to be suitable for the European situation, that were consistent with the Sustainable Safety policy in the Netherlands, and that were related to intersections in built‐up areas are included in the next paragraphs. 5.3.2. Intersection design Intersections can be defined as traffic situations that require complex judgements of speed and distance, and simultaneous activities under pressure of time. Older adults generally have more difficulties in meeting these requirements than younger drivers have (Chapter 2). Intersection design elements that may be beneficial to older drivers in this respect are (Staplin, Lococo, Byington & Harkey, 2001): • Elements that provide a good and early view of the intersection; • Elements that assist the driver in making a left turn; • Roundabouts. View of the intersection At the approach of an intersection, the view of other traffic approaching the intersection is largely determined by the angle at which crossing streets meet. The optimal angle is one of 90 degrees. A smaller angle makes it more difficult to get an overview of the intersection and to notice other road users. Road users can compensate for these difficulties by turning their head a bit more. However, as older adults generally have restricted head and neck mobility, they will have more trouble with intersections where streets meet at a small angle. Therefore, a right angle junction is in particular important for older road users. Apart from the fact that older adult drivers have more trouble overlooking the intersection because of a restricted mobility of head and neck, they also need more time to react (increased perception‐reaction time). A restricted view of the intersection, not only because of a small angle between the intersecting roads, but also as a result of shrubs, trees and buildings blocking the view of the intersection, leaves the driver little time to overlook the intersection and therefore also little time to react. The resulting pressure of time probably causes more problems for older drivers than for younger drivers. Therefore, a shorter sight distance or stopping sight distance 91
Assisting the older driver probably has more adverse consequences for older adult drivers than for younger drivers. Traffic designers can resolve this problem by using a longer perception‐reaction time (prt) when calculating sight triangles and the stopping sight distances, with a minimum prt of 2.5 second (CROW, 1998a; Staplin, Lococo, Byington & Harkey, 2001). Assistance for turning left Crashes while making a left turn represent the most important type of crash in the total number of crashes involving older adult drivers (see Section 1.3). These crashes are often the result of failing to yield. In case of older adult drivers this may be caused by a wrong judgement of the speed of the approaching vehicle, a wrong judgement of the gap needed to join the traffic flow, or simply not noticing the approaching vehicle (Davidse, 2002; Dingus et al., 1998). These causes are associated with several of the functional limitations that accompany old age, such as having trouble with motion and depth perception, and a decline in divided and selective attention. Signalised intersections At signalised intersections, failure to yield and any crashes resulting from it can probably be prevented by protected‐only operations of the traffic signals. In that case, drivers that want to turn left can do so without having to decide when it is safe to cross traffic approaching from the opposite direction, as the latter are waiting behind a red traffic light. In addition, current guidelines recommend a leading protected left‐turn (see e.g., CROW, 1998a). This means that during each cycle of the traffic lights, traffic turning left gets a green light before traffic that drives straight on. This order results in less crashes and fits in with the expectations of the driver. To reduce confusion during an intersection approach, current guidelines recommend the use of a separate signal for each lane of traffic (CROW, 1998a). This satisfies the older drivers’ need for information on lane assignment (see Lane‐use control signs). Finally, the length of the all‐read clearance interval should allow for the slower information processing of older adults. This interval gives drivers the opportunity to leave the intersection area after the amber phase before conflicting streams of traffic arrive (Staplin, Lococo & Byington, 1998; CROW, 1998a, p. 150). 92
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Advanced driver assistance systems
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Assisting the older driver Appendix
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Samenvatting Samenvatting Dit proef
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Samenvatting Verkeersveiligheidsmaa
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Samenvatting jongere automobilisten
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Samenvatting voordeel dat ze de rij
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Curriculum Vitae Curriculum Vitae R
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Assisting the older driver Nottingh
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Assisting the older driver - SWOV

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