Assisting the older driver - SWOV

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Intersection design and the older driver Second, most intersection and street characteristics had to be read from pictures of the selected intersections. For some of those characteristics it was difficult to assess the correct value only having the disposal of two pictures of the branch in question. The visibility of pavement markings was one of them. It was only possible to evaluate the contrast between pavement markings and the carriageway. Whether the pavement markings were made of retro reflective paint was difficult to evaluate. Another characteristic that was difficult to assess, was the availability of a separate green phase for traffic turning left (protected left‐turn). If there was a separate lane for traffic turning left, and this lane had a separate signal that pointed to the left, it was assumed that traffic turning left did not have to yield to through traffic that was approaching from the opposite direction. This means that the traffic lights were then expected to provide a protected left‐turn. If task difficulty as defined above cannot explain the difference in the percentage of crashes with older drivers, the most obvious alternate explanation is a difference in the percentage of people using the intersections included in Intold and Intyoung that is aged 65 or above. There was indeed a difference between the age compositions of the users of the selected intersections, but the direction was opposite to the one expected based on the number of crashes in which older drivers were involved. At the intersections included in Intyoung the percentage of older users was estimated to be average or higher than average, whereas at some of the intersections included in Intold this percentage was estimated to be smaller than average. It should be noted, however, that these estimates were not based on counts, but were merely guesstimates made by a colleague who visited all the intersections and made all the photographs. 5.3. A literature review on intersection design elements that allow for the functional limitations of the older driver 5 5.3.1. Introduction An infrastructure that takes into account the functional limitations that accompany ageing can contribute to a reduction of the crash involvement of older people. Taking into account the functional limitations means that the infrastructure provides the driver with enough time to observe, decide and 5 This section was based on chapter 3 of SWOV report R‐2002‐8 (Davidse, 2002). 89
Assisting the older driver act. In this section, the focus will be on those design elements that are relevant to the needs as identified in Section 4.6. Those intersection design elements will be discussed that fit the most important needs for assistance, as well as those that take into account the older drivers’ increased sensitivity to glare, and their reduced contrast sensitivity, colour vision, and divided attention. The latter were mentioned as being important to allow for while designing assistive devices (see right column of Table 4.2 ‘DESIGN’; hearing, and manual dexterity and strength are not considered to be relevant for intersection design). Table 5.2 summarizes these functional limitations and the relevant road design elements that appear to take them into account. These two sets are connected by the factors which are expected to determine task complexity and task difficulty (see Section 5.2.1). Functional limitations Relevant factor Relevant road design elements Peripheral vision and flexibility of head and neck Night‐time visual acuity and sensitivity to glare Contrast sensitivity and motion perception Colour vision Quality of the information Quality of the information Quality of the information Quality of the information Angle at which streets meet Fixed lighting Design of traffic signals Assistance for turning left Contrast of pavement markings Design of traffic signs and signals Design of street‐name signs Design of traffic signs and signals Divided attention Number of decisions Type of intersection (roundabout) Selective attention Amount of information Placement of traffic signs Speed of information processing, divided attention, and performance under pressure of time Time pressure Angle at which streets meet Lane‐use control signs Type of intersection (roundabout) Placement of traffic signs Fixed lighting Table 5.2. Functional limitations of the older adult, and relevant road design elements. Specific measures that apply to these intersection design elements are described in the next paragraphs. Most of these measures have been selected from the ‘Older Driver Highway Design Handbook’ by Staplin, Lococo & Byington (1998) and its second edition ‘Highway Design Handbook for Older Drivers and Pedestrians’ (Staplin, Lococo, Byington & Harkey, 2001). However, since these handbooks were primarily based on the situation in the 90
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Assisting the older driver Intersec
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SWOV‐Dissertatiereeks, Leidschend
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Promotor: Copromotor: Beoordelingsc
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3.2.3. Conclusions regarding future
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7.3. Preconditions for safe use of
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Physical and mental characteristics
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Physical and mental characteristics
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Advanced driver assistance systems
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Effects of a driver support system
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Assisting the older driver Appendix
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Samenvatting Samenvatting Dit proef
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Samenvatting Verkeersveiligheidsmaa
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Samenvatting jongere automobilisten
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Samenvatting voordeel dat ze de rij
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Dankwoord Dankwoord Het schrijven v
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Curriculum Vitae Curriculum Vitae R
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Assisting the older driver Nottingh
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