Assisting the older driver - SWOV

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Physical and mental characteristics of the older driver the appropriate information, interpret it and make decisions which must then be translated into an appropriate driving action, and to compensate for sensory limitations, various perceptual and cognitive functions come into play. Some of these functions show effects of ageing. Cognitive functions for which appreciable effects of ageing are described, are fluid intelligence, speed of processing, working memory, and executive functions like inhibition, flexibility and selective and divided attention (Brouwer & Ponds, 1994; Salthouse, 1982). The speed at which information is processed, is important to making safe decisions as a driver. Fundamental to this aspect of the driving task is the time taken by a driver to respond to the demand placed upon him or her by the traffic environment (often referred to as ‘perception‐reaction’ time). Research studies have generally found that reaction times to simple stimuli do not deteriorate dramatically with age (Olson & Sivak, 1986). Reaction times of older drivers only slow down when drivers have to make decisions in complex situations (Quimby & Watts, 1981). 2.2.3. Motor functions Motor functions that decline as people age are joint flexibility, muscular strength, and manual dexterity. These age‐related changes can influence the ability to get in and out of a car, operate the vehicle, and can influence injury and recovery (Sivak et al., 1995). An example of the influence of reduced joint flexibility is that reduced neck rotation can hinder the driver while checking for approaching traffic at intersections or before merging. This is especially detrimental to older drivers, since they rely on neck rotation to compensate for their restricted visual field. Decline in joint flexibility is not the same for all body parts. In a study by Kuhlman (1993), older adults had approximately 12% less cervical flexion, 32% less neck extension, 22% less lateral flexion and 25% less rotation than the younger control group (Sivak et al., 1995). Joint flexibility can be greatly influenced by degenerative diseases such as arthritis, which is experienced to some degree by approximately half the population over 75 (Adams & Collins, 1987; cited in Sivak et al. 1995). Muscle strength declines from the age of 50. The strength of muscles can play a role in limiting injuries from small impact collisions, such as whiplash. Other age‐related physical factors that can influence injury severity are brittleness of the bones and reduced elasticity of soft tissues (Sivak et al., 1995). 37
Assisting the older driver 2.3. Age‐related disorders A number of age‐related diseases and disorders are found to be related to crash proneness. These are: eye disorders, dementia, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (Becker, 2000; Brouwer & Davidse, 2002; Marottoli et al., 1994; Vaa, 2003). These diseases and disorders can occur at every age, but they are more common among older adults. 2.3.1. Eye disorders The eye disorders cataract, macular degeneration, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy are the leading causes of a significant decline in visual acuity and visual field while ageing (Klein, 1991). Cataract is characterized by a clouding of the eye lens and affects glare sensitivity, colour perception and night vision. Fortunately, it can be treated by replacing the lens with an artificial one. Age‐related macular degeneration is a disorder of the central part of the retina and affects visual acuity and colour perception. This disorder, therefore, can lead to the inability to read road signs or to have a good view of distant road and traffic situations. Glaucoma affects the peripheral part of the retina as a result of damages caused by high intraocular pressure. This condition is painless and the patient is often unaware of the deficit in visual field, a deficit which interfere with the perception of cars or pedestrians approaching from the side (Klein, 1991). Persons with diabetes, a disease that affects between 10% and 20% of the older adults (Harris, Hadden, Knowler & Bennett, cited in Klein, 1991), are at higher risk of developing cataract, glaucoma and abnormalities that affect the retinal blood vessels (diabetic retinopathy). The latter often result in deficits in the peripheral visual field. 2.3.2. Dementia Dementia is characterized by severe limitations in multiple cognitive functions (as a result of (degenerative) brain pathology. As a rule of thumb, the prevalence of dementia doubles every five year starting from 1.0% for those aged 65 to 32% for those aged 90‐94 (Hofman et al., 1991). The most common dementing illness is Alzheimer’s disease, accounting for approximately half of all dementia cases. Alzheimer’s disease is a steadily progressing degenerative disorder and is characterized by severe memory limitations and at least one other severe cognitive limitation such as apraxia, agnosia, aphasia or a dysexecutive syndrome. 38
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Advanced driver assistance systems
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Samenvatting Samenvatting Dit proef
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Samenvatting Verkeersveiligheidsmaa
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Samenvatting jongere automobilisten
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Samenvatting voordeel dat ze de rij
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Dankwoord Dankwoord Het schrijven v
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Curriculum Vitae Curriculum Vitae R
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Assisting the older driver Nottingh
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