Assisting the older driver - SWOV

Table of contents
General introduction 11
1. Current state of the art: crashes and injuries 15
1.1. Introduction 15
1.2. Injury rate: crash involvement and physical vulnerability 16
1.2.1. Crash involvement 18
1.2.2. Physical vulnerability 19
1.2.3. Crash responsibility 21
1.2.4. Role of annual mileage 23
1.3. Crash types of older drivers 24
1.4. Threat to other road users or not 26
1.5. Differences between men and women 27
1.6. Comparison with other modes of transport 31
1.7. Conclusions regarding current crash and injury rates 32
2. Physical and mental characteristics of the older driver 34
2.1. Introduction 34
2.2. Age‐related functional limitations 35
2.2.1. Vision 35
2.2.2. Cognitive functions 36
2.2.3. Motor functions 37
2.3. Age‐related disorders 38
2.3.1. Eye disorders 38
2.3.2. Dementia 38
2.3.3. Parkinson’s disease 39
2.3.4. Stroke 40
2.3.5. Cardiovascular diseases 41
2.3.6. Diabetes Mellitus 41
2.3.7. Comorbidity 42
2.4. Medication 42
2.5. Compensatory behaviour 43
3. Strategies to improve the older driver’s safe mobility 45
3.1. Introduction 45
3.2. Factors which may influence future risks 45
3.2.1. Past developments 46
3.2.2. Expectations about future crash and injury rates 48