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WHO monographs on medicinal plants commonly used in the Newly Independent States (NIS) spectrophotometry (1, 4–8) and by high-performance liquid chromatography (20). Thin-layer chromatography is employed for qualitative analysis for the presence of sennosides A and B (3–5). Major chemical constituents Folium Sennae contains a family of hydroxyanthracene glycosides, the most plentiful of which are sennosides A and B. There are also small amounts of aloe-emodin and rhein 8-glucosides, mucilage, flavonoids, and naphthalene precursors (15). R1 R2 9-9' sennoside A H CO 2 H R*,R* (threo) sennoside B H CO 2 H R*,S* (erythro) sennoside C H CH 2 OH R*,R* (threo) sennoside D H CH 2 OH R*,S* (erythro) sennoside E CO-CO 2 H CO 2 H R*,R* (threo) sennoside F CO-CO 2 H CO 2 H R*,S* (erythro) Dosage forms Crude plant material, powder, oral infusion, and extracts (liquid or solid) standardized for content of sennosides A and B (15, 21, 22). Package in well-closed containers protected from light and moisture (1–8). 366
Folium Sennae Medicinal uses Uses supported by clinical data Short-term use in occasional constipation (21–25). Uses described in pharmacopoeias and in traditional systems of medicine None. Uses described in folk medicine, not supported by experimental or clinical data As an expectorant, a wound dressing, an antidysenteric, and a carminative agent; and for the treatment of gonorrhoea, skin diseases, dyspepsia, fever, and haemorrhoids (11, 23, 25). Pharmacology Experimental pharmacology The effects of Folium Sennae are due primarily to the hydroxyanthracene glucosides, especially sennosides A and B. These β-linked glucosides are secretagogues that increase net secretion of fluids and specifically influence colonic motility and enhance colonic transit. They are not absorbed in the upper intestinal tract; they are converted by the bacteria of the large intestine into the active derivatives (rhein-anthrone). The mechanism of action is twofold: (1) effect on the motility of the large intestine (stimulation of peristaltic contractions and inhibition of local contractions), resulting in an accelerated colonic transit, thereby reducing fluid absorption, and (2) an influence on fluid and electrolyte absorption and secretion by the colon (stimulation of mucus and active chloride secretion), increasing fluid secretion (24, 25). Clinical pharmacology The time of action of senna is usually 8–10 hours, and thus the dose should be taken at night (24). The action of the sennosides augments, without disrupting, the response to the physiological stimuli of food and physical activity (24). The sennosides abolish the severe constipation of patients suffering from severe irritable bowel syndrome (26). In therapeutic doses, the sennosides do not disrupt the usual pattern of defecation times and markedly soften the stool (24). Sennosides significantly increase the rate of colonic transit (27) and increase colonic peristalsis, which in turn increase both faecal weight and dry bacterial mass (24, 28). Due to their colonic specificity, the sennosides are poorly absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract (29). 367
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WHO monographs on medicinal plants
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WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publicat
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Contents Herba Thymi 383 Flos Tilia
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Introduction Background The results
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Introduction monographs on herbal m
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General technical notices These WHO
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General technical notices The Exper
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Herba Bidentis Definition Herba Bid
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Herba Bidentis multicellular with a
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Herba Bidentis Chemical assays Cont
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Herba Bidentis ity in vivo against
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Herba Bidentis References 1. USSR p
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Herba Bidentis 42. Kortikov VN, Kor
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Flos Chamomillae * Definition Flos
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Flos Chamomillae Geographical distr
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Flos Chamomillae Dosage forms Dried
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Flos Chamomillae Intradermal applic
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Flos Chamomillae able directly thro
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Flos Chamomillae steroidalen (5% Bu
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Folium cum Flore Crataegi * Definit
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Folium cum Flore Crataegi the cells
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Folium cum Flore Crataegi noid deri
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Folium cum Flore Crataegi pr o c y
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Folium cum Flore Crataegi arrhythmi
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Folium cum Flore Crataegi tract (co
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Folium cum Flore Crataegi extract a
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Folium cum Flore Crataegi metabolic
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Folium cum Flore Crataegi 21. Ficar
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Folium cum Flore Crataegi trique et
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Folium cum Flore Crataegi 83. Hecke
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Radix Glycyrrhizae * Definition Rad
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Radix Glycyrrhizae Glycyrrhiza ural
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Radix Glycyrrhizae Dilute alcohol-s
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Radix Glycyrrhizae Uses described i
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Radix Glycyrrhizae Contraindication
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Radix Glycyrrhizae 13. Chin WY, Ken
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Radix Glycyrrhizae 46. Rask-Madsen
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Fructus Hippophaës recens Definiti
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Fructus Hippophaës recens mis has
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Fructus Hippophaës recens extracti
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Fructus Hippophaës recens diation
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Fructus Hippophaës recens rocytes
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Fructus Hippophaës recens For inte
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Fructus Hippophaës recens 40. Yue
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Herba Hyperici * Definition Herba H
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Herba Hyperici beaded. Dorsoventral
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Herba Hyperici Major chemical const
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Herba Hyperici Uses reported in pha
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Herba Hyperici An ethanol extract o
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Herba Hyperici Effect on smooth mus
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Herba Hyperici hypericin) daily for
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Herba Hyperici tract of the herb fo
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Herba Hyperici 24.8-26.5 hours and
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Herba Hyperici trations, leading to
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Herba Hyperici 9. British herbal ph
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Herba Hyperici mische und klinische
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Herba Hyperici 77. Wood S et al. An
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Herba Hyperici 111. Konig CD. Hyper
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Herba Origani Definition Herba Orig
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Herba Origani rolla-like, glabrous
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Herba Origani Heavy metals For maxi
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Herba Origani essential oil of the
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Herba Origani Contraindications If
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Herba Origani 24. Muravjova DA, Sam
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Herba Origani 60. Oka Y et al. Nema
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Herba Pegani harmalae Definition He
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Herba Pegani harmalae contain mucil
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Herba Pegani harmalae dominate. Oth
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Herba Pegani harmalae ously and 2 m
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Herba Pegani harmalae Adverse react
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Herba Pegani harmalae 21. Pakalns D
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Herba Pegani harmalae 60. Al-Shamma
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Page 371 and 372: Folium Sennae * Definition Folium S
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Page 389 and 390: Radix cum Herba Taraxaci 13. Qualit
Page 391 and 392: Herba Thymi * Definition Herba Thym
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Styli cum stigmatis Zeae maydis Def
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Styli cum stigmatis Zeae maydis Mic
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Styli cum stigmatis Zeae maydis bee
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Styli cum stigmatis Zeae maydis min
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Styli cum stigmatis Zeae maydis ous
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Styli cum stigmatis Zeae maydis Nur
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Styli cum stigmatis Zeae maydis 37.
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Styli cum stigmatis Zeae maydis 73.
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Despite the increasing use of herba
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