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WHO monographs on medicinal plants commonly used in the Newly Independent States (NIS) Radioactive residues Where applicable, consult the WHO guidelines on quality control methods for medicinal plant materials (34) for the analysis of radioactive isotopes. Other purity tests The content of mineral matter should be not more than 0.1% (1). Chemical and alcohol-soluble extractive tests to be established in accordance with national requirements. Chemical assays To be established in accordance with national requirements. Major chemical constituents The major constituents of the dried inflorescences are flavonoids (1–5%): chiefly quercetin glycosides (rutin, hyperoside, quercitrin and 3-glucosyl-7-rhamnoside), and kaempferol glucosides (astragalin (kaempferol-3- glucoside), tiliroside (astragalin-6´´-p-coumaroylester), astragalin-3- glucosyl-7-rhamnoside, astragalin-3,7-dirhamnoside). A complex of mucilage (7–10%, particularly from the bracts, mainly arabino-galactans with some uronic acid units) is present. The mucilage is composed of 5 fractions dominated by d-galactose, l-arabinose, l-rhamnose and uronic acid, with smaller amounts of glucose, mannose and xylose. The essential oil (0.02–0.1%) contains farnesol and its acetate, linalool, geraniol, geranyl acetate, germacrene, 1,8-cineole, eugenol, camphor, carvone, citral, citronellol, limonene, kaur-16-ene and some 70 other identified compounds; which gives the drug its characteristic faint odour, more pronounced in the fresh flowers. The presence of phenolic acids (caffeic, p-coumaric and chlorogenic acids), scopoletin, tannins (approximately 2%, including the procyanidin dimers B-2 and B-4), leucoanthocyanidins, among others, has also been reported (6, 18, 23, 30, 38–46). The structures of the major constituents are presented below. Medicinal uses Uses supported by clinical data No information was found. Uses described in pharmacopoeias and well established documents The Commission E approved the internal use of Flos Tiliae for colds and cold-related coughs (45). The use of the flowers as an antispasmodic and diaphoretic agent is indicated (47). 398
Flos Tiliae procyanidin B-2 OH tiliroside OH OH HO O HO HO HO H O H H OH H O OH OH HO OH O O O O O H OH OH HO HO OH OH OH hyperoside R = Galp HO O O isoquercitrin R = Glcf OH O R HO H HO OH HO O HO O Glcf = OH Galp = OH CO 2 H OH OH p-coumaric acid β-D-glucofuranosyl β-D-galactopyranosyl Uses described in traditional medicine Flores Tiliae are used to treat insomnia (48, 49). Traditionally, the flowers have been used for treatment of migraine, hysteria, arteriosclerotic hypertension, circulatory disorders and swelling of the ankle (50–53), cardiovascular and digestive complaints (54). Flos Tiliae are also used in urinary infections, influenza and anxiety (20, 22, 55). Pharmacology Experimental pharmacology Action on lymphocyte proliferation The aqueous extract of Flos Tiliae (1.5 g dried flowers in 20 ml of water) demonstrated stimulatory effects on lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. The test system consisted of suspensions of lymphoid cells, which were asepti- 399
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WHO monographs on medicinal plants
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WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publicat
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Contents Herba Thymi 383 Flos Tilia
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Introduction Background The results
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Introduction monographs on herbal m
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General technical notices These WHO
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General technical notices The Exper
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Herba Bidentis Definition Herba Bid
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Herba Bidentis multicellular with a
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Herba Bidentis Chemical assays Cont
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Herba Bidentis ity in vivo against
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Herba Bidentis References 1. USSR p
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Herba Bidentis 42. Kortikov VN, Kor
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Flos Chamomillae * Definition Flos
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Flos Chamomillae Geographical distr
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Flos Chamomillae Dosage forms Dried
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Flos Chamomillae Intradermal applic
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Flos Chamomillae able directly thro
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Flos Chamomillae steroidalen (5% Bu
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Folium cum Flore Crataegi * Definit
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Folium cum Flore Crataegi the cells
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Folium cum Flore Crataegi noid deri
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Folium cum Flore Crataegi pr o c y
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Folium cum Flore Crataegi arrhythmi
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Folium cum Flore Crataegi tract (co
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Folium cum Flore Crataegi extract a
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Folium cum Flore Crataegi metabolic
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Folium cum Flore Crataegi 21. Ficar
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Folium cum Flore Crataegi trique et
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Folium cum Flore Crataegi 83. Hecke
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Radix Glycyrrhizae * Definition Rad
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Radix Glycyrrhizae Glycyrrhiza ural
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Radix Glycyrrhizae Dilute alcohol-s
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Radix Glycyrrhizae Uses described i
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Radix Glycyrrhizae Contraindication
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Radix Glycyrrhizae 13. Chin WY, Ken
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Radix Glycyrrhizae 46. Rask-Madsen
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Fructus Hippophaës recens Definiti
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Fructus Hippophaës recens mis has
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Fructus Hippophaës recens extracti
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Fructus Hippophaës recens diation
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Fructus Hippophaës recens rocytes
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Fructus Hippophaës recens For inte
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Fructus Hippophaës recens 40. Yue
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Herba Hyperici * Definition Herba H
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Herba Hyperici beaded. Dorsoventral
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Herba Hyperici Major chemical const
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Herba Hyperici Uses reported in pha
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Herba Hyperici An ethanol extract o
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Herba Hyperici Effect on smooth mus
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Herba Hyperici hypericin) daily for
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Herba Hyperici tract of the herb fo
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Herba Hyperici 24.8-26.5 hours and
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Herba Hyperici trations, leading to
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Herba Hyperici 9. British herbal ph
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Herba Hyperici mische und klinische
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Herba Hyperici 77. Wood S et al. An
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Herba Hyperici 111. Konig CD. Hyper
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Herba Origani Definition Herba Orig
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Herba Origani rolla-like, glabrous
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Herba Origani Heavy metals For maxi
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Herba Origani essential oil of the
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Herba Origani Contraindications If
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Herba Origani 24. Muravjova DA, Sam
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Herba Origani 60. Oka Y et al. Nema
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Herba Pegani harmalae Definition He
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Herba Pegani harmalae contain mucil
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Herba Pegani harmalae dominate. Oth
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Herba Pegani harmalae ously and 2 m
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Herba Pegani harmalae Adverse react
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Herba Pegani harmalae 21. Pakalns D
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Herba Pegani harmalae 60. Al-Shamma
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Page 356 and 357: WHO monographs on medicinal plants
Page 371 and 372: Folium Sennae * Definition Folium S
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Page 379 and 380: Folium Sennae 19. Guidelines for pr
Page 381 and 382: Radix cum Herba Taraxaci * Definiti
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Page 391 and 392: Herba Thymi * Definition Herba Thym
Page 393 and 394: Herba Thymi General identity tests
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Page 397 and 398: Herba Thymi Nursing mothers See Pre
Page 399: Herba Thymi 29. Juven BJ, Kanner J,
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Page 433 and 434: Styli cum stigmatis Zeae maydis Mic
Page 435 and 436: Styli cum stigmatis Zeae maydis bee
Page 437 and 438: Styli cum stigmatis Zeae maydis min
Page 439 and 440: Styli cum stigmatis Zeae maydis ous
Page 441 and 442: Styli cum stigmatis Zeae maydis Nur
Page 443 and 444: Styli cum stigmatis Zeae maydis 37.
Page 445: Styli cum stigmatis Zeae maydis 73.
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Page 452: Despite the increasing use of herba
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