SEEU Review vol. 5 Nr. 2 (pdf) - South East European University

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Mentor Hamiti, Visar Shehu and Agni Dika around which the syllable is focused on and they also secure the unity and sonority of a syllable. Viewed as a configuration, syllables can have one or more consonants organized in front of a vowel, after a vowel or on both sides of a vowel. In this context, when syllables finish with a vowel they are called open syllables and when they finish with a consonant they are called closed syllables. Usually the accent on a syllable falls on its vowel, since it has a higher sonority. A syllable can be defined from many standpoints. E.g.: Physiological – when accent is given to the human anatomy and the model of articulating syllables. Starting from the changes in the chest area, supporting organs and changes of the muscular tension of the speech apparatus, generated impulses are analyzed which actually represent concrete syllables from the speech point of view. Acoustic – syllables in this case are treated as a combinatioin of sounds with different sonorities. The maximal sonority is treated as a peak of a syllable and in fact it is defined by the corresponding vowel, while the consonants are treated as supporting sounds and characterized by lower sonority. Listening – is based on syllable analyses compared with the height of the sound, where sound variations (low and hight sounds) are treated as separate syllables. The mechanism of forming syllables and splitting words into syllables is considered as one of the most complex problems in linguistics. There are different theories, but none of them solves the problem in a universal way for every language. Therefore, their application is limited and linked to issues in individual languages. Among the most popular theories of forming syllables and splitting words into syllables are: the expiration theory, muscular tension theory and the theory of sonority. II. 1. The theory of expiration The argument behind this theory is based on physiological criteria. This theory explains syllables as a group of sounds that can be pronounced in one breath during the breathing process. Each new outgoing air stream defines borders between syllables. This theory is considered as old since it does not give any objective criteria for defining borders between syllables and besides 178
<strong>SEEU</strong> <strong>Review</strong> Volume 5, No. 2, 2009 that there is a possibility of pronouncing two vowels in one air stream only, which in fact counters the definition of this theory. II. 2. The theory of muscual tension This is characterized as a theory that bases its assumptions on the syllable articulation in separate impulses of muscular tensions of the speech apparatus. In this way speech is modeled by the sinusoidal signal, where syllables are ordered by respecting three phases of their composition: strengthening of the muscular tension impulse, its peak and its lowest point. Usually, syllables are placed on the aplitude of the sinusoid, while minimums are defining syllable borders [1]. However, the placement point of a syllable is relative. When a word has one consonant, the consonant will belong to the previous syllable if it has a strong starting point, and it will belong to the next syllable if it has a strong finishing point. This rule can be respected even though it is not convincing enough, but the problem gets even more complicated and does not offer a real solution when we have more consonants between vowels. II. 3. Theory of sonority This theory is one of the more popular and is considered as providing good results for different languages. Of course for some languages it is subject to small modification. The theory is based in acoustical criteria. Syllables are treated as a group of elements that are more sonor and less sonor. Minimums between sonorities represent the real borders between syllables. Based on this theory, all letters must first be categorized according to sonority. For the Albanian language, as for many other languages, ten steps of sound sonority [6] are defined, as established by the Danish linguist Otto Jespersen. Alignment is as following (Tab. 1): 179
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Page 138 and 139: 138 Reviewers: Benjamin Keatinge Dr
Page 140 and 141: Iranda Bajrami, MA kanë qenë të
Page 142 and 143: Iranda Bajrami, MA a state of c
Page 144 and 145: Iranda Bajrami, MA to read and use
Page 146 and 147: Iranda Bajrami, MA Classrooms were
Page 148 and 149: Iranda Bajrami, MA the characterist
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Page 152 and 153: Iranda Bajrami, MA reinforce studen
Page 154 and 155: Iranda Bajrami, MA References 1. Am
Page 156 and 157: Iranda Bajrami, MA Appendix A Facto
Page 158 and 159: Iranda Bajrami, MA Appendix B Obser
Page 160 and 161: Iranda Bajrami, MA 22. Classroom en
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Page 170 and 171: Iranda Bajrami, MA Consistent with
Page 172 and 173: 172 Reviewers: Prof. Dr. Kadri Sule
Page 174 and 175: Mentor Hamiti, Visar Shehu and Agni
Page 194 and 195: 194 Reviewers: Prof. Dr. Robert Sch
Page 196 and 197: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gezim Xhaferi and
Page 212 and 213: 212 Reviewers: Prof. Dr. Selim Jusu
Page 214 and 215: Fatmir Faiku, Haxhere Faiku, Murtez
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