Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals (Sixth Edition) - UMK ...

148
Chapter | 5 Proteins, Proteomics, and the Dysproteinemias
Lymphomas can elicit either a polyclonal or monoclonal
hyperglobulinemia . The hyperglobulinemic peaks can
occur anywhere between the β 1 and γ 2 regions and range
from very broad, diffuse peaks to very sharp, monoclonal
spikes. The polyclonal peaks of lymphoma are thought
to be the result of a tumorous group of distantly related
clones in contrast to the single discrete clones, which give
rise to the monoclonal spikes.
v . Increased γ -Globulin (Sharp Increases): Monoclonal
Gammopathy The monoclonal forms are characterized
by sharp spikes of immunoglobulin. They may occur
in the β region, but are frequently limited to the γ
region ( Fig. 5-9d ). A useful guideline for interpretation
is to compare visually the sharpness of these spikes
to the albumin peak. One or the other slope of the
monoclonal spike is as steep or steeper than one of the
slopes of the albumin peak. The monoclonal spike is
the result of a single clone producing a single class of
immunoglobulin usually abnormal in nature. Thus, the
monoclonal immunoglobulins are of identical structure
and move as one on the SPE. These immunoglobulins
have been described as “ paraproteins. ” The characteristic
monoclonal spike in the γ region, Bence-Jones proteinuria,
and plasma cell tumors have been general findings in
multiple myelomas reported in the horse ( Geelen et al. ,
1997 ; Pusterla et al. , 2004 ), dog ( Giraudel et al. , 2002 ),
and cat ( Farrow and Penny, 1971 ; Patel et al. , 2005 ). Lightchain
disease with Bence-Jones proteins in the plasma and
urine has been observed in dogs ( Hurvitz et al. , 1971 ).
Lymphomas may present with monoclonal spikes
depending on the degree of cloning of the tumor cells.
The dominant monoclonal protein was identified as IgM
in a case of lymphocytic leukemia in a dog ( Braund et al. ,
1978 ). A biclonal gammopathy has been observed in a
dog with a combined myeloma and cutaneous lymphoma
( Jacobs et al. , 1986 ).
A retrospective study of 18 cases of monoclonal gammopathies
in the dog confirmed that most were associated
with lymphoproliferative tumors, including multiple myelomas,
Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, lymphoma, chronic
lymphocytic leukemia, and mucocutaneous plasmacytoma
(Giraudel et al. , 2002 ). However, nonmyelomatous monoclonal
gammopathies were identified in cases of leishmaniasis
and ehrlichiosis in this and other studies ( Breitschwerdt
et al. , 1987 ). Monoclonal gammopathies have also been
reported in canine amyloidosis ( Schwartzman, 1984 ).
Generally, the clinical characteristics of the monoclonal
gammopathies are referable to the magnitude of lymphocyte
or plasma cell proliferation, the extent of organ
infiltration, and production of abnormal protein. Thus,
immunologically associated diseases tend to be multifaceted
and can present with bleeding tendencies, glomerulonephritis,
polyarthritis, arteritis, hepatitis, and SLE. All
monoclonal gammopathies are not necessarily pathological,
however, because they can be benign. Consequently, care
must be exercised in the final evaluation of a monoclonal
gammopathy.
3 . Increased A:G—Abnormal Profi le
a . Increased Albumin
True overproduction of albumin does not occur in any animal.
Therefore, any rise in albumin is only a relative hyperalbuminemia
because of hemoconcentration as a result of
water loss and dehydration.
b . Decreased Globulins
The absence of γ -globulins in fetal serum or in serum
from precolostral or colostrum-deprived neonatal animals
( Weaver et al. , 2000 ) can be readily demonstrated on SPE
(see Fig. 5-8 ). Hypo- γ -globulinemia occurred in about
15% of foals less than 2 weeks of age and was attributed
to failure of colostral transfer even though most had nursed
( Mcguire et al. , 1975a ; Sellon, 2000 ). Combined immunodeficiency
of Arabian foals is thought to be an inherited
autosomal recessive disease. The disease is characterized
by lymphopenia, failure to synthesize IgG, IgM, and IgA
and early death ( Davis and Jones, 2003 ; Mcguire et al. ,
1975b ; Perryman, 2000 ). A selective IgM deficiency has
been reported ( Perryman et al. , 1977 ).
REFERENCES
Abate , O. , Zanatta , R. , Malisano , T. , and Dotta , U. ( 2000 ). Canine serum
protein patterns using high-resolution electrophoresis (HRE) . Vet. J.
159 , 154 – 160 .
Alberts , B. , Johnson , A. , Lewis , J. , Raff , M. , Roberts , K. , and Walter , P.
( 2002 ). “ Molecular Biology of the Cell .” Garland , New York .
Allison , A. C. ( 1960 ). Turnovers of erythrocytes and plasma proteins in
mammals . Nature 188 , 37 – 40 .
Alsemgeest , S. P. M. , Taverne , M. A. M. , Boosman , R. , Vanderweyden ,
B. C. , and Gruys , E. ( 1993 ). Peripartum acute-phase protein serum
amyloid-A concentration in plasma of cows and fetuses . Amer. J. Vet.
Res. 54 , 164 – 167 .
Ametaj , B. N. , Bradford , B. J. , Bobe , G. , Nafikov , R. A. , Lu , Y. , Young , J. W. ,
and Beitz , D. C. (2005 ). Strong relationships between mediators of the
acute phase response and fatty liver in dairy cows . Can. J. Anim. Sci.
85 , 165 –175 .
Andersen , S. B. , Wallevik , K. , and Glenert , J. ( 1963 ). Gamma globulin
turnover and intestinal degradation of gamma globulin in dog . J. Clin.
Invest . 42 , 1873 .
Anderson , N. L. , and Anderson , N. G. ( 2002 ). The human plasma proteome
. Molec. Cell. Proteom. 1 , 845 – 867 .
Anderson , N. L. , Polanski , M. , Pieper , R. , Gatlin , T. , Tirumalai , R. S. ,
Conrads , T. P. , Veenstra , T. D. , Adkins , J. N. , Pounds , J. G. , Fagan ,
R. , and Lobley , A. ( 2004 ). The human plasma proteome: a nonredundant
list developed by combination of four separate sources . Molec.
Cell. Proteom. 3 , 311 – 326 .
Andersson , M. , and Sevelius , E. ( 2001 ). Abnormal microheterogeneity of
haptoglobin in serum from dogs with various diseases . Vet. Rec. 148 ,
14 – 17 .