Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals (Sixth Edition) - UMK ...

Chapter 26
Cerebrospinal Fluid
William Vernau
Deartment of Pathology, Microbiology, and
Immunology
School of Veterinary Medicine
University of California, Davis
Davis, California
Karen A. Vernau
Department of Surgical and Radiological
Sciences
School of Veterinary Medicine
University of California, Davis
Davis, California
Cleta Sue Bailey
Department of Surgical and Radiological
Sciences
School of Veterinary Medicine
University of California, Davis
Davis, Caliornia
I. INTRODUCTION
I I. FUNCTIONS OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
III. CSF FORMATION, CIRCULATION, AND
ABSORPTION
A. Anatomy of Brain-Fluid Interfaces
B. CSF Formation
C. CSF Circulation
D. CSF Absorption
IV. CELLULAR COMPOSITION OF NORMAL CSF
A. Total Erythrocyte and Nucleated Cell Count
B. Differential Cell Count
V. BIOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF NORMAL CSF
A. Ontogeny of CSF
B. Proteins in the Cerebrospinal Fluid
C. Glucose
D. Enzymes
E. Neurotransmitters
F. Other CSF Constituents
G. Concentration Gradient along the Neuraxis
VI. CSF COLLECTION AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
A. Collection
B. Physical Examination: Clarity, Color, and Viscosity
C. Cytological Analysis
D. Protein Analysis
E. Antibody/Antigen Tests
F. Microbial Tests
G. Blood Contamination
VII. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CSF
IN DISEASE
A. Physical Characteristics: Clarity, Color, and Viscosity
B. Cytology
C. Protein
D. Antibody Titers
E. Glucose
F. Enzymes
G. Other Constituents
VIII. CHARACTERISTICS OF CSF ASSOCIATED WITH
SPECIFIC DISEASES
A. Degenerative Disorders
B. Idiopathic Diseases
C. Immune-Mediated Diseases
D. Infectious Diseases
E. Ischemic Disorders
F. Malformations of Neural Structures
G. Metabolic/Nutritional Disorders
H. Miscellaneous Conditions
I. Neoplasia
J. Parasitic Diseases
K. Toxicity
L. Trauma/Compression of Neural Tissue
REFERENCES
I. INTRODUCTION
The analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been described
as the central nervous system (CNS) equivalent of the complete
blood count ( Jamison and Lumsden, 1988 ), and the
analogy is appropriate. CSF analysis is a general index of neurological
health and often provides evidence of the presence of
disease. Similar to a complete blood count, CSF analysis has
reasonable sensitivity but low specificity. The possible alterations
of CSF are relatively limited compared to the varieties of
neurological diseases that exist (particularly if the analysis is
restricted to total cell counts and total protein determination).
Additionally, the type and degree of CSF abnormality seem to
be related as much to the location of disease as to the cause or
the severity of lesion; meningeal and paraventricular diseases
generally produce greater abnormalities than deep parenchymal
diseases. Previous therapy may affect the type, degree,
and duration of CSF ( Jamison and Lumsden, 1988 ) abnormalities
as well. The CSF abnormalities identified are also dependent
on the CSF collection site with respect to lesion location
Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, 6th Edition 769
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