Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals (Sixth Edition) - UMK ...

VI. Hepatobiliary Disease
857
TABLE 28-3 Plasma Chemistry Reference Values (Inner Limits of P 2.5 to P 97.5 with a Probability of 90%, Unless
Specified Otherwise in Footnotes ) for Pigeons, Some Psittacine Species, Peregrine Falcon, and Ostrich as
Established by the Division of Avian and Exotic Animal Medicine, Utrecht University Department of Clinical
Sciences of Companion Animals a,g
Variable
Ostrich
(n 60)
Peregrine falcon
(n 79)
Pigeon
(n 50)
African grey
(n 71)
Amazon
(n 99)
Cockatoo
(n 27)
Macaw c
(n 15)
Urea (mmol/L) 0.5–0.8 0.8–2.9 0.4–0.7 0.7–2.4 0.9–4.6 0.8–2.1 0.3–3.3
Creatinine ( μ mol/L) / 24–64 23–36 23–40 19–33 21–36 20–59
Uric acid ( μ mol/L) 351–649 253–996 150–765 93–414 72–312 190–327 109–231
Urea/uric acid ratio 0.9–1.8 1.7–6.4 1.8 1.8 b 2.4–15.6 4.4–33 2.7–8.9 5–28
Osmolality (mOsmol/kg) 305–328 322–356 297–317 320–347 316–373 317–347 319–378
Sodium (mmol/L) 147–157 150–170 141–149 154–164 149–164 152–164 150–175
Potassium (mmol/L) 3.7–5.1 / 3.9–4.7 2.5–3.9 2.3–4.2 3.2–4.9 1.9–4.1
Chloride (mmol/L) 94–105 114–131 101–113 / / / /
Total calcium (mmol/L)
d
2.4–4.8 d 1.9–2.4 d 1.9–2.6 d 2.1–2.6 d 2.0–2.8 d 2.2–2.7 d 2.2–2.8 d
Ionized calcium d (mmol/L) 1.32–1.39 d 1.35–1.68 d
Phosphorous (mmol/L) 1.3–2.3 0.55–1.53 0.57–1.33 / / / /
Glucose (mmol/L) 10.3–13.7 16.5–22.0 12.9–20.5 11.4–16.1 12.6–16.9 12.8–17.6 12.0–17.9
LDH (IU/L) EC 1.1.1.27 860–2236 1008–2650 30–205 147–384 46–208 203–442 66–166
GLDH (IU/L) EC 1.4.1.3 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
GGT (IU/L) EC 2.3.2.2 1–1 1–3 1–3 1–4 1–10 2–5 1–5
AST (IU/L) EC 2.6.1.1 243–418 34–116 45–123 54–155 57–194 52–203 58–206
ALT (IU/L) EC 2.6.1.2 / 29–90 19–48 12–59 19–98 12–37 22–105
CK (IU/L) EC 2.7.3.2 1648–4246 120–442 110–480 123–875 45–265 34–204 61–531
α -amylase (IU/L) EC 3.2.1.1 / / 382–556 f 571–1987 d / / /
Lipase (IU/L) EC 3.1.1.3 / / 0–5 f 268–1161 d / / /
Bile acids ( μ mol/L) 8–33 5–69 22–60 18–71 19–144 23–70 25–71
Total protein (g/L) 39–56 24–39 21–35 32–44 33–50 35–44 33–53
Albumin/globulin ratio 0.9–1.4 0.8–2.4 1.5–3.6 1.4–4.7 2.6–7.0 1.5–4.3 1.4–3.9
Thyroxine (nmol/L) before and
16 h after stimulation with 2 IU/kg TSH
Corticosterone (nmol/L) before and
90 min after stimulation with 250 μ g/kg ACTH
AVT (pg/ml) before and
after 24-h water deprivation
6–35
100–300
e
6–36 /
64–324 e /
1.7 1.4
b
6.3 2.2 b /
/
/ / / /
16–39
e
108–506 e
a
Lumeij 1987f; Lumeij & Overduin 1990 ; Lumeij & Westerhof 1988a ; Lumeij et al., 1987a ; Verstappen et al., 2002 ; unpublished results from Lumeij, Remple, Riddle, 1995; Van
der Horst 1995; Westerhof 1995.
b
Mean standard deviation (n 6).
c
Range
d
These Ca values might be too low because they were established in nonbalanced heparin tubes; see Section VIII.A. Preliminary data from our clinic from a group of 20 pellet-fed
African grey parrots established in blood samples collected with balanced Pico syringes (Radiometer, Copenhagen) suggest that the reference values for tCa values in this species are 2.6
to 3.4 mmol/L and those for iCa are 1.35–1.68 mmol/L. Histological changes in the parathyroid gland consistent with nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism were observed in
individuals with tCa values between 2.1 and 2.6 mmol/L.
e
Range (n 6).
f
Amann et al. (2006).
g
It is recommended that clinicians use reference values established in the same laboratory and with the same methods as used for the patient under investigation. Furthermore, reference
values based on the individual patient may help to improve diagnostic interpretation of clinical chemistry values because clinical chemistry values in birds have a high degree of
individuality, measured by the index of individuality ( Scope et al. 2002a ).
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