Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals (Sixth Edition) - UMK ...

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Chapter | 22 Trace Minerals
In addition to plasma Zn analysis, whole blood or
erythrocyte Zn has been used to assess Zn status; however,
whereas low erythrocyte Zn indicates a Zn deficiency, it
is often too insensitive for accurate diagnosis. Neutrophil
Zn has been reported to be more sensitive to Zn status
than erythrocyte Zn, but its usefulness is limited, as an
assay requires about 10 to 20 ml of blood for conventional
assays. In experimental settings, liver Zn has been useful in
diagnosing Zn toxicity, but it is of little value in diagnosing
Zn deficiency as values rarely decrease by more than 20%
even in severe deficiencies. Liver metallothionein has been
used to gauge Zn deficiency in nonhuman primates. The
use of Zn transporter measurements to assess status has
also been proposed ( Keen and Uriu-Adams, 2006 ).
VIII . CONCLUDING COMMENTS
Metal ions in combination with numerous organic accessory
and catalytic factors (e.g., various vitamins) play important
roles in enhancing specificity and providing additional properties
that allow complementary forces and arrangements
to improve the orientation and efficiency of catalysis. In
enzyme transition states, metals influence the entropic components
of enzymatic reactions. Metals allow the formation
of metastable bonds and play roles in entasis (enzyme shape
and configuration). Some minerals are important to organizing
water structure; others act as Lewis acids and bases.
Appropriate intake levels of certain chemical elements
are required to maintain optimal health. On a per food
energy basis (e.g., kcal or joules), the requirements of most
animals are similar. Most commonly, a conventional diet
will meet the requirements. However, most deficiency situations
occur when the diet is simple and monotonous in
terms of composition. The extensive range of supplements,
such as for Se, Fe, and Zn, reflect the success of research
in ways that were unimaginable even a decade ago.
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