Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals (Sixth Edition) - UMK ...

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Chapter | 7 The Erythrocyte: Physiology, Metabolism, and Biochemical Disorders
TABLE 7-2 Erythrocyte Enzymes of Various Animal Species a
Enzyme Human Dog Cat Horse
HK 1.78 0.38 (1) 0.92 0.47 (2) 2.01 0.35 (2) 1.45 0.22 (2)
GPI 24.1 1.0 (3) 16.3 1.8 (3) 49.0 8.3 (3) 27.3 5.9 (3)
PFK 11.0 2.3 (1) 9.7 1.3 (2) 2.2 0.7 (2) 8.7 2.5 (2)
Aldolase 3.19 0.86 (1) 2.36 0.32 (4) 2.71 0.98 (9)
TPI 2111 397 (1) 436 70 (4)
GAPD 226 42 (1) 54.4 2.8 (4) 59.0 (6) 57.2 14.2 (9)
PGK 320 36 (1) 89.6 9.4 (4) 29.2 (6) 69.1 19.8 (9)
MPGM 37.7 5.6 (1) 4.04 1.19 (4) 6.35 (6) 5.7 (6)
Enolase 5.39 0.83 (1) 0.84 0.16 (4) 13.6 3.9 (9)
PK 15.0 2.0 (1) 8.4 2.0 (2) 24.5 7.2 (2) 1.7 0.8 (2)
LDH 200 26 (1) 52.2 5.0 (4) 15.1 2.2 (8) 32.3 3.6 (9)
AST 3.02 0.67 (1) 3.14 1.10 (2) 1.53 0.27 (7)
DPGM 2.00 (6) 1.02 (6) 0.08 (6) 0.6 (6)
DPGP 0.021 (6) 0.010 (6) 0.005 (6) 0.006 (6)
G6PD 8.3 1.6 (1) 11.3 2.0 (2) 15.3 3.2 (2) 18.6 3.3 (2)
6PGD 8.78 0.78 (1) 6.73 1.30 (2) 6.88 1.11 (2) 2.61 0.68 (2)
GR ( FAD) 7.18 1.09 (1) 3.60 0.96 (2) 9.31 2.31 2.69 0.99 (2)
GR ( FAD) 10.40 1.50 (1) 5.59 1.05 (2) 20.31 2.21 4.28 1.31 (2)
GPx 31 5 (1) 213 82 (2) 330 54 (2) 149 62 (2)
GST 6.7 1.8 (1) 3.2 0.9 (2) 35.6 8.5 (2) 6.4 1.7 (2)
SOD 2352 (5) 2118 (5) 2885 (5)
Catalase (10 3 ) 153 24 (1) 10 2 (2) 161 43 (2) 105 21 (2)
Cb 5 R 19.2 3.8 (1) 11.3 1.6 (2) 9.8 2.1 (2) 13.0 3.0 (2)
NADPH-D 0.51 0.12 (3) 0.33 0.06 (3) 0.39 0.06 (3) 0.70 0.06 (3)
Na , K -ATPase 8 2 (10) nil (10) nil (10) 5 2 (10)
a
All enzyme units are U/g Hb, except ATPase given in μ moles phosphorus liberated/g Hb/h. Mean values have been recalculated at times to permit direct
comparisons between species. Standard deviation values are given where indicated. Abbreviations: HK, hexokinase; GPI, glucose phosphate isomerase;
PFK, phosphofructokinase; TPI, triosephosphate isomerase; GAPD, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; PGK, phosphoglycerate kinase; MPGM,
monophosphoglycerate mutase; PK, pyruvate kinase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; DPGM, diphosphoglycerate mutase;
DPGP, diphosphoglycerate phosphatase; G6PD, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; 6PGD, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase; FAD, fl avin adenine
dinucleotide; GR ( FAD), glutathione reductase with FAD added to assay; GR (FAD), glutathione reductase without FAD added to assay; GPx, glutathione
peroxidase; GST, glutathione S-transferase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; Cb 5 R, cytochrome-b 5 reductase; NADPH-D, reduced nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase; Na -K -ATPase, Na -K -adenosine triphosphatase. Temperatures above 25°C are included in reference citations. Figures
in parentheses are the references cited as follows: (1) Beutler, 1984 (at 37°C, except Cb 5 R at 30°C); (2) Harvey et al. , unpublished, 2007 (at 37°C, except
Cb 5 R at 30°C); (3) Harvey and Kaneko, 1975a; (4) Maede and Inaba, 1987 (at 37°C); (5) Kurata et al. , 1993; (6) Harkness et al. , 1969; (7) Franken
and Schotman, 1977; (8) Schechter et al. , 1973; (9) Smith et al. , 1972a; (10) Gupta et al. , 1974 (at 44°C).
names. Electrophoretic patterns of membrane proteins on
SDS-PAGE are species variable ( Gillis and Anastassiadis,
1985 ; Kobylka et al. , 1972 ; Smith et al. , 1983a ; Whitfield
et al. , 1983 ).
1 . Lipids
The lipid bilayer and associated transmembrane proteins
chemically isolate and regulate the cell interior. The bilayer
consists of phospholipids arranged with hydrophobic hydrocarbon
chains of fatty acids to the center of the bilayer and
the polar ends of the molecules in contact with both intracellular
and extracellular aqueous environments. Molecules
of unesterified cholesterol are intercalated between fatty
acid chains in molar concentrations approximately equal
to the sum of the molar concentrations of phospholipids.
Phospholipids are asymmetrically arranged, with anionic
amino-containing phospholipids (phosphatidylserine and