Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals (Sixth Edition) - UMK ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Chapter 7 The Erythrocyte: Physiology, Metabolism, and Biochemical Disorders John W. Harvey Department of Physiological Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida Gainesville, Florida I. INTRODUCTION A. Species Differences in Erythrocyte Shape B. Functions of RBCs II. HEMATOPOIESIS A. Stem Cells and Progenitor Cells B. Hematopoietic Microenvironment C. Hematopoietic Growth Factors D. Erythropoiesis III. DEVELOPING ERYTHROID CELLS A. Morphological and Metabolic Changes B. Iron Metabolism C. Hb Synthesis D. Reticulocytes E. Abnormalities in Erythroid Development IV. MATURE RBC A. Membrane Structure B. Shape and Deformability C. Blood Group Isoantigens D. Membrane Transport E. Metabolism of Adenine Nucleotides F. Carbohydrate Metabolism G. Embden-Meyerhof Pathway H. Diphosphoglycerate Pathway I. Hb Oxygen Affinity J. Pentose Phosphate Pathway K. Nature of Oxidants in Biology L. Metabolic Protection against Oxidants V. DETERMINANTS OF RBC SURVIVAL A. Oxidative Injury B. RBC Aging and Normal Life Spans C. Anemia of the Newborn VI. INHERITED DISORDERS OF RBCS A. Cytosolic Enzyme Deficiencies B. Membrane Abnormalities C. Miscellaneous Abnormalities REFERENCES I . INTRODUCTION Mammalian erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs) are anucleate cells that normally circulate for several months in blood despite limited synthetic capacities and repeated exposures to mechanical and metabolic insults. Their primary purpose is to carry hemoglobin (Hb), a heme-containing protein that accounts for more than 90% of the protein within RBCs ( Quigley et al. , 2004 ). The benefits of having Hb contained within cells, as opposed to free in plasma, include the much slower turnover in blood (free Hb has a half-life of only a few hours), the metabolic capability of RBCs to maintain iron in Hb in the functional ferrous state, and the ability to control Hb oxygen affinity by altering the concentrations of organic phosphates, especially 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3DPG). In addition, the presence of free Hb in plasma in concentrations normally found in whole blood would exert an osmotic pressure several times greater than that normally exerted by plasma proteins, profoundly affecting the movement of fluid between the vascular system and tissues. A . Species Differences in Erythrocyte Shape Most RBCs in normal dogs, cats, horses, cattle, and sheep occur in the shape of biconcave disks (discocytes). The degree of biconcavity is most pronounced in dogs and less so in cats and horses. RBCs from goats generally have a flat surface with little surface depression; a variety of irregularly shaped RBCs (poikilocytes) may be present in clinically normal goats ( Jain, 1986 ). The apparent benefit of the biconcave shape is that it gives RBCs high surface area-tovolume ratios and allows for deformations that must take place as they circulate. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, 6th Edition 173 Copyright © 2008, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Page 1 and 2:
Preface It has been more than a dec
Page 3 and 4:
viii Contributors Björn P. Meij (5
Page 5 and 6:
2 Chapter | 1 Concepts of Normality
Page 7 and 8:
Page 9 and 10:
Page 11 and 12:
Page 13 and 14:
10 Chapter | 1 Concepts of Normalit
Page 15 and 16:
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Chapter 2 Comparative Medical Genet
Page 31 and 32:
I. Introduction 29 Green Red Green
Page 33 and 34:
I. Introduction 31 A1 genetic map d
Page 35 and 36:
I. Introduction 33 of genomes of va
Page 38 and 39:
36 Chapter | 2 Comparative Medical
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
46 Chapter | 3 Carbohydrate Metabol
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Page 71 and 72:
IX. Disorders of Carbohydrate Metab
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
X. Disorders of Ruminants Associate
Page 79 and 80:
X. Disorders of Ruminants Associate
Page 81 and 82:
References 79 Kaneko , J. J. , Luic
Page 83 and 84:
Chapter 4 Lipids and Ketones Michae
Page 85 and 86:
II. Long Chain Fatty Acids 83 FIGUR
Page 87 and 88:
II. Long Chain Fatty Acids 85 Plasm
Page 89 and 90:
IV. Phospholipids 87 The regulation
Page 91 and 92:
V. Cholesterol 89 V. CHOLESTEROL A.
Page 93 and 94:
VI. Lipoproteins 91 TABLE 4-1 Compo
Page 95 and 96:
VI. Lipoproteins 93 TABLE 4-2 Apoli
Page 98 and 99:
96 Chapter | 4 Lipids and Ketones B
Page 100 and 101:
98 Chapter | 4 Lipids and Ketones
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Chapter 5 Proteins, Proteomics, and
Page 120 and 121:
III. Metabolism of Proteins 119 C .
Page 122 and 123: IV. Plasma Proteins 121 NH 4 HCO
Page 124 and 125: V. Methodology 123 molecule. The gl
Page 126 and 127: V. Methodology 125 has occurred wil
Page 128 and 129: V. Methodology 127 Although attempt
Page 130 and 131: V. Methodology 129 kD 94 67 43 2 2
Page 132 and 133: V. Methodology 131 D . Specific Pro
Page 134 and 135: VI. Normal Plasma and Serum Protein
Page 144 and 145: VII. Interpretation of Serum Protei
Page 150 and 151: References 149 Andersson , M. , Ste
Page 152 and 153: References 151 response of haptoglo
Page 154 and 155: References 153 dogs with metastasiz
Page 156 and 157: References 155 Watson , T. D. G. (
Page 158: 158 Chapter | 6 Clinical Veterinary
Page 163 and 164: V. Methods for Evaluation of the Im
Page 169: VI. Laboratory Diagnosis of Disease
Page 174 and 175: 174 Chapter | 7 The Erythrocyte: Ph
Page 222 and 223:
222 Chapter | 7 The Erythrocyte: Ph
Page 224 and 225:
Page 226 and 227:
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Page 232 and 233:
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
242 Chapter | 8 Porphyrins and the
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
260 Chapter | 9 Iron Metabolism and
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Chapter 10 Hemostasis Patricia Gent
Page 288 and 289:
II. Mechanisms of Hemostasis 289 FI
Page 290 and 291:
II. Mechanisms of Hemostasis 291 TA
Page 292 and 293:
II. Mechanisms of Hemostasis 293 gl
Page 294 and 295:
II. Mechanisms of Hemostasis 295 th
Page 296 and 297:
II. Mechanisms of Hemostasis 297 FI
Page 298 and 299:
II. Mechanisms of Hemostasis 299 as
Page 300 and 301:
II. Mechanisms of Hemostasis 301 th
Page 302 and 303:
II. Mechanisms of Hemostasis 303 A
Page 304 and 305:
II. Mechanisms of Hemostasis 305 co
Page 306 and 307:
III. Laboratory Assessment of Hemos
Page 308 and 309:
III. Laboratory Assessment of Hemos
Page 310 and 311:
IV. Disorders of Hemostasis 311 TAB
Page 312 and 313:
IV. Disorders of Hemostasis 313 of
Page 314 and 315:
IV. Disorders of Hemostasis 315 b.
Page 316 and 317:
IV. Disorders of Hemostasis 317 les
Page 318 and 319:
IV. Disorders of Hemostasis 319 thr
Page 320 and 321:
References 321 TABLE 10-9 Effects o
Page 322 and 323:
References 323 Chao , W. , and Olso
Page 324 and 325:
References 325 N. C. Jain , Eds.) ,
Page 326 and 327:
References 327 Medved , L. , and Ni
Page 328 and 329:
References 329 Russell , K. E. , an
Page 330 and 331:
Chapter 11 Neutrophil Function Doug
Page 332 and 333:
II. Neutrophil Functions 333 Select
Page 334 and 335:
II. Neutrophil Functions 335 matrix
Page 336 and 337:
II. Neutrophil Functions 337 the v-
Page 338 and 339:
III. Virulence Factors Preventing N
Page 340 and 341:
IV. Acquired Neutrophil Function De
Page 342 and 343:
V. Neutrophil-Mediated Tissue Injur
Page 344 and 345:
References 345 is thought to be due
Page 346 and 347:
References 347 Goodger , W. J. , Fa
Page 348 and 349:
References 349 Skoutelis , A. T. ,
Page 350 and 351:
Chapter 12 Diagnostic Enzymology of
Page 352 and 353:
III. Factors Affecting Serum Enzyme
Page 354 and 355:
IV. Specific Enzymes 355 plays a ro
Page 356 and 357:
IV. Specific Enzymes 357 reversible
Page 358 and 359:
IV. Specific Enzymes 359 GGT is a m
Page 360 and 361:
IV. Specific Enzymes 361 and early
Page 362 and 363:
IV. Specific Enzymes 363 Studies of
Page 364 and 365:
IV. Specific Enzymes 365 Serum CALP
Page 366 and 367:
IV. Specific Enzymes 367 glycan lin
Page 368 and 369:
IV. Specific Enzymes 369 Serum CK-M
Page 370 and 371:
References 371 Arthur , J. R. ( 198
Page 372 and 373:
References 373 Goldstein , D. J. ,
Page 374 and 375:
References 375 Milan , J. L. , and
Page 376 and 377:
References 377 Steiner , J. M. , an
Page 378 and 379:
Chapter 13 Hepatic Function Bud C.
Page 380 and 381:
III. Clinical Manifestations of Hep
Page 382 and 383:
Page 384 and 385:
Page 386 and 387:
Page 388 and 389:
IV. Laboratory Assessment of Hepati
Page 390 and 391:
Page 392 and 393:
Page 394 and 395:
Page 396 and 397:
Page 398 and 399:
Page 400 and 401:
Page 402 and 403:
V. Overview and Conclusions 403 FIG
Page 404 and 405:
References 405 extrahepatic bile du
Page 406 and 407:
References 407 Haslewood , G. A. (
Page 408 and 409:
References 409 Nilkumhang , P. , an
Page 410 and 411:
References 411 Sutherland , R. J. ,
Page 412 and 413:
Chapter 14 Gastrointestinal Functio
Page 414 and 415:
III. Gastric Secretions 415 4 . Lip
Page 416 and 417:
III. Gastric Secretions 417 FIGURE
Page 418 and 419:
V. Exocrine Pancreatic Secretions 4
Page 420 and 421:
V. Exocrine Pancreatic Secretions 4
Page 422 and 423:
VII. Digestion and Absorption 423 c
Page 424 and 425:
VII. Digestion and Absorption 425 T
Page 426 and 427:
VII. Digestion and Absorption 427 h
Page 428 and 429:
VII. Digestion and Absorption 429 i
Page 430 and 431:
VII. Digestion and Absorption 431 L
Page 432 and 433:
VIII. Disturbances of Gastrointesti
Page 434 and 435:
Page 436 and 437:
Page 438 and 439:
Page 440 and 441:
Page 442 and 443:
Page 444 and 445:
Page 446 and 447:
References 447 characterized by red
Page 448 and 449:
References 449 Brown , J. C. , Cook
Page 450 and 451:
References 451 Glenert , J. , Jarnu
Page 452 and 453:
References 453 Lecce , J. G. ( 1965
Page 454 and 455:
References 455 intestinal absorptiv
Page 456 and 457:
References 457 Webb , K. E. , Jr. (
Page 458 and 459:
460 Chapter | 15 Skeletal Muscle Fu
Page 460 and 461:
Page 462 and 463:
Page 464 and 465:
Page 466 and 467:
Page 468 and 469:
Page 470 and 471:
Page 472 and 473:
Page 474 and 475:
Page 476 and 477:
Page 478 and 479:
Page 480 and 481:
Page 482 and 483:
Page 484 and 485:
486 Chapter | 16 Kidney Function an
Page 486 and 487:
Page 488 and 489:
Page 490 and 491:
Page 492 and 493:
Page 494 and 495:
Page 496 and 497:
Page 498 and 499:
Page 500 and 501:
Page 502 and 503:
Page 504 and 505:
Page 506 and 507:
Page 508 and 509:
Page 510 and 511:
Page 512 and 513:
Page 514 and 515:
Page 516 and 517:
Page 518 and 519:
Page 520 and 521:
Page 522 and 523:
Page 524 and 525:
Page 526 and 527:
Page 528:
530 Chapter | 17 Fluid, Electrolyte
Page 531:
V. Physiology of Acid-Base Balance
Page 535 and 536:
Page 537 and 538:
Page 539 and 540:
Page 541 and 542:
VI. Evaluation of Imbalances 543 so
Page 543 and 544:
VII. Clinical Features of Fluid and
Page 545 and 546:
for the evaluation of acute fluid a
Page 547 and 548:
VIII. Clinicopathological Indicator
Page 549:
VIII. Clinicopathological Indicator
Page 552 and 553:
Page 554 and 555:
Page 556 and 557:
Page 558 and 559:
Chapter 18 Pituitary Function Jan A
Page 560 and 561:
I. Hypothalamus-Pituitary System 56
Page 562 and 563:
I. Hypothalamus-Pituitary System 56
Page 564 and 565:
II. Anterior Lobe and Intermediate
Page 566 and 567:
Page 568 and 569:
Page 570 and 571:
Page 572 and 573:
Page 574 and 575:
Page 576 and 577:
Page 578 and 579:
Page 580 and 581:
Page 582 and 583:
Page 584 and 585:
III. Neurohypophysis 587 Arginine v
Page 586 and 587:
III. Neurohypophysis 589 in domesti
Page 588 and 589:
IV. Assessment of Pituitary Functio
Page 590 and 591:
References 593 of beta-endorphin an
Page 592 and 593:
References 595 De Palo , E. F. , Ga
Page 594 and 595:
References 597 vasopressin level an
Page 596 and 597:
References 599 Liu , J. P. , Clarke
Page 598 and 599:
Chapter | 7 Fluid, Electrolyte, and
Page 600 and 601:
Chapter | 7 Fluid, Electrolyte, and
Page 602 and 603:
Chapter 19 Adrenocortical Function
Page 604 and 605:
II. Physiology of Adrenocortical Ho
Page 606 and 607:
Page 608 and 609:
Page 610 and 611:
III. Adrenocortical Diseases 613 an
Page 612 and 613:
IV. Assessment of Adrenocortical Fu
Page 614 and 615:
IV. Assessment of Adrenocortical Fu
Page 616 and 617:
References 619 b . Performance In t
Page 618 and 619:
References 621 Ilett , K. F. , and
Page 620 and 621:
Chapter 20 Thyroid Function J. Jerr
Page 622 and 623:
V. Functions of the Thyroid Gland 6
Page 624 and 625:
VII. Mechanism of Thyroid Hormone A
Page 626 and 627:
X. Thyroid Function Tests 629 thyro
Page 628 and 629:
X. Thyroid Function Tests 631 thyro
Page 630 and 631:
References 633 the variations in TS
Page 632 and 633:
Chapter 21 Clinical Reproductive En
Page 634 and 635:
I. Introduction 637 e . Placental G
Page 636 and 637:
II. Assay Methods 639 to another fo
Page 638 and 639:
II. Assay Methods 641 compounds), n
Page 640 and 641:
II. Assay Methods 643 and Nugent, 1
Page 642 and 643:
III. Physiology of Reproductive Hor
Page 644 and 645:
IV. Clinical Aspects of Reproductiv
Page 646 and 647:
Page 648 and 649:
Page 650 and 651:
Page 652 and 653:
V. General Comments 655 F . Cat 1 .
Page 654 and 655:
References 657 for storage at room
Page 656 and 657:
References 659 Holtan , D. W. , Squ
Page 658 and 659:
References 661 Sauer , M. J. , Foul
Page 660 and 661:
Chapter 22 Trace Minerals Robert B.
Page 662 and 663:
I. Introduction 665 The stability o
Page 664 and 665:
II. Cobalt 667 TABLE 22-3 Potential
Page 666 and 667:
III. Copper 669 methylmalonyl CoA m
Page 668 and 669:
III. Copper 671 Tocopherol Mitochon
Page 670 and 671:
III. Copper 673 acid on Cu absorpti
Page 672 and 673:
III. Copper 675 pigs, deer, camels,
Page 674 and 675:
IV. Manganese 677 IV . MANGANESE A
Page 676 and 677:
IV. Manganese 679 lipid composition
Page 678 and 679:
V. Molybdenum 681 FIGURE 22-5 Molyb
Page 680 and 681:
VI. Selenium 683 and other lipid pe
Page 682 and 683:
VI. Selenium 685 of Se deficiency o
Page 684 and 685:
VII. Zinc 687 D . Zinc Metabolism,
Page 686 and 687:
Although the syndrome described for
Page 688 and 689:
References 691 Ensunsa , J. L. , Sy
Page 690 and 691:
References 693 Subcommittee on Poul
Page 692 and 693:
696 Chapter | 23 Vitamins FOOD RELE
Page 694 and 695:
698 Chapter | 23 Vitamins A B C D R
Page 696 and 697:
700 Chapter | 23 Vitamins Stellate
Page 698 and 699:
702 Chapter | 23 Vitamins H CH H 3
Page 700 and 701:
704 Chapter | 23 Vitamins plant tis
Page 702 and 703:
706 Chapter | 23 Vitamins 1,25-(OH)
Page 704 and 705:
708 Chapter | 23 Vitamins Infection
Page 706 and 707:
710 Chapter | 23 Vitamins phylloqui
Page 708 and 709:
712 Chapter | 23 Vitamins results i
Page 710 and 711:
714 Chapter | 23 Vitamins NH 2 NH 2
Page 712 and 713:
716 Chapter | 23 Vitamins b . Funct
Page 714 and 715:
718 Chapter | 23 Vitamins occur in
Page 716:
720 Chapter | 23 Vitamins Carnitine
Page 719 and 720:
IV. Water-Soluble Vitamins 723 FIGU
Page 721 and 722:
IV. Water-Soluble Vitamins 725 (i.e
Page 723 and 724:
V. Vitamin-Like Compounds 727 4 . T
Page 725 and 726:
References 729 Geraci , J. R. ( 197
Page 727 and 728:
Chapter 24 Lysosomal Storage Diseas
Page 729 and 730:
II. Lysosomal Storage Diseases (LSD
Page 731 and 732:
II. Lysosomal Storage Diseases (LSD
Page 733 and 734:
III. Pathogenesis 737 cellular orga
Page 735 and 736:
V. Diagnosis 739 Weight in grams 80
Page 737 and 738:
VI. Therapy 741 systems. Liver shou
Page 739 and 740:
References 743 Broom , M. F. , Zhou
Page 741 and 742:
References 745 Hubler , M. , Haskin
Page 743 and 744:
References 747 Patterson , J. S. ,
Page 745 and 746:
References 749 and Drinkwater , R.
Page 747 and 748:
752 Chapter | 25 Tumor Markers comm
Page 749 and 750:
754 Chapter | 25 Tumor Markers when
Page 751 and 752:
756 Chapter | 25 Tumor Markers B. C
Page 753 and 754:
758 Chapter | 25 Tumor Markers be d
Page 755 and 756:
760 Chapter | 25 Tumor Markers the
Page 757 and 758:
762 Chapter | 25 Tumor Markers Bost
Page 759 and 760:
764 Chapter | 25 Tumor Markers Juba
Page 761 and 762:
766 Chapter | 25 Tumor Markers 1,25
Page 763 and 764:
Chapter 26 Cerebrospinal Fluid Will
Page 765 and 766:
III. CSF Formation, Circulation, an
Page 767 and 768:
IV. Cellular Composition of Normal
Page 769 and 770:
V. Biochemical Constituents of Norm
Page 771 and 772:
IV. Biochemical Constituents of Nor
Page 773 and 774:
TABLE 26-7 Biochemical Constituents
Page 775 and 776:
Page 777 and 778:
Page 779 and 780:
VI. CSF Collection and Analytical T
Page 781 and 782:
Page 783 and 784:
Page 785 and 786:
VII. General Characteristics of CSF
Page 787 and 788:
Page 789 and 790:
Page 791 and 792:
Page 793 and 794:
VIII. Characteristics of CSF Associ
Page 795 and 796:
Page 797 and 798:
Page 799 and 800:
Page 801 and 802:
Page 803 and 804:
References 809 M. , Petersen , A. ,
Page 805 and 806:
References 811 deer (Odocoileus vir
Page 807 and 808:
References 813 Hayward , R. A. , Sh
Page 809 and 810:
References 815 Milhorat , T. H. ( 1
Page 811 and 812:
References 817 amino acid concentra
Page 813 and 814:
References 819 Waxman , F. J. , Cle
Page 815 and 816:
822 Chapter | 27 Clinical Biochemis
Page 817 and 818:
Page 819 and 820:
Page 821 and 822:
Page 823 and 824:
Page 825 and 826:
Page 827 and 828:
Page 829 and 830:
Page 831 and 832:
Chapter 28 Avian Clinical Biochemis
Page 833 and 834:
III. Starvation, Flight, and Postpr
Page 835 and 836:
III. Starvation, Flight, and Postpr
Page 837 and 838:
IV. Plasma Proteins 845 values can
Page 839 and 840:
V. Renal Function 847 ASPERGILLOSIS
Page 841 and 842:
V. Renal Function 849 from the fact
Page 843 and 844:
Racing pigeon ALAT (IU/g tissue) Ra
Page 845 and 846:
VI. Hepatobiliary Disease 853 Afric
Page 847 and 848:
VI. Hepatobiliary Disease 855 TABLE
Page 849 and 850:
VI. Hepatobiliary Disease 857 TABLE
Page 851 and 852:
VIII. Calcium and Phosphorus: Metab
Page 853 and 854:
VIII. Calcium and Phosphorus: Metab
Page 855 and 856:
X. Exocrine Pancreatic Disease 863
Page 857 and 858:
XI. Toxicology 865 Succinyl Co-A+Gl
Page 859 and 860:
XII. Blood Coagulation 867 Coagulat
Page 861 and 862:
References 869 Barthalmus , G. T. ,
Page 863 and 864:
References 871 Lumeij , J. T. , and
Page 865 and 866:
Appendix I SI Units The Systeme Int
Page 867 and 868:
Appendix | I SI Units 875 TABLE E (
Page 869 and 870:
Appendix III Temperature Correction
Page 871 and 872:
Appendix V Temperature Conversions
Page 873 and 874:
Appendix VII Conversions of Body We
Page 875 and 876:
Appendix | VIII Blood Analyte Refer
Page 877 and 878:
Page 879 and 880:
Page 881 and 882:
Appendix IX Blood Analyte Reference
Page 883 and 884:
Appendix | IX Blood Analyte Referen
Page 885 and 886:
Page 887 and 888:
Page 889 and 890:
Appendix | X Blood Analyte Referenc
Page 891 and 892:
Appendix | XI Blood Analyte Referen
Page 893 and 894:
Appendix XIII Cerebrospinal Fluid (
Page 895 and 896:
Appendix XIV Cerebrospinal Fluid Re
show all

Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals (Sixth Edition) - UMK ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?