Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals (Sixth Edition) - UMK ...

554
Chapter | 17 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
Decreases in osmolar gap indicate laboratory error.
Increases in osmolar gap ( 10 mOsm/kg) could also represent
laboratory error but generally result from one of two
circumstances: either a decrease in serum water content or
the addition of low-molecular-weight substances in serum.
Decreases in serum water content occur with marked
hyperlipidemia or hyperproteinemia, and the calculated
osmolality will exceed the measured osmolality. This is the
cause of the false hyponatremia discussed in Section VI.B.
The presence of a similar disparity between the measured
and calculated osmolality in the absence of hyperlipidemia
or hyperproteinemia should prompt an alert for the presence
of exogenous substances in abnormally high concentrations
in the serum. These substances could include
a variety of exogenous and potentially toxic compounds,
such as mannitol, ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol, isopropanol,
ethyl ether, acetone, trichloroethane , and paraldehyde
( Saxton and Seldin, 1986 ).
REFERENCES
Adrogue , H. J. , Brensilver , J. , and Madias , N. E. ( 1978 ). Changes in the
plasma anion gap during chronic metabolic acid-base disturbances .
Am. J. Physiol. 235 , F291 – F297 .
Aitken, F. C. (1976). “ Sodium and Potassium in Nutrition of Mammals, ”
Technical Communication No. 26, Commonwealth Bureau of
Nutrition, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal,
England.
Arieff , A. I. ( 1986 ). Hyponatremia, convulsions, respiratory arrest, and
permanent brain damage after elective surgery in healthy women .
N. Engl. J. Med. 314 , 1529 – 1535 .
Bain , F. T. , and Merritt , A. M. ( 1990 ). Decreased erythrocyte potassium
concentration associated with exercise-related myopathy in horses .
J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 196 , 1259 – 1261 .
Bendheim , P. E. , Reale , E. O. , and Berg , B. O. ( 1985 ). β-Adrenergic
treatment of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis . Neurology 35 ,
746 – 749 .
Bennett , E. J. ( 1975 ). Fluid balance in the newborn . Anesthesiology 43 ,
210 – 224 .
Bianca , W. , Findlay , J. D. , and McLean , J. A. ( 1965 ). Responses of steers
to water restriction . Res. Vet. Sci. 6 , 38 – 55 .
Billig , D. M. , and Jordan , P. H. ( 1969 ). Hemodynamic abnormalities secondary
to extracellular fluid depletion in intestinal obstruction . Surg.
Gynecol. Obstet. 129 , 1274 – 1282 .
Block , E. ( 1984 ). Manipulating dietary anions and cations for prepartum
dairy cows to reduce incidence of milk fever . J. Dairy Sci. 67 ,
2939 – 2948 .
Boyd , J. W. ( 1981 ). The relationships between blood haemoglobin concentration,
packed cell volume and plasma protein concentration in
dehydration . Br. Vet. J. 137 , 166 – 172 .
Breitschwerdt , E. B. , and Root , C. R. ( 1979 ). Inappropriate secretion
of antidiuretic hormone in a dog . J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 175 ,
181 – 186 .
Breukink , H. J. , Van Wegen , P. , and Schotman , J. H. ( 1983 ). Idiopathic
diabetes insipidus in a Welsh pony . Equine Vet. J. 15 , 284 – 287 .
Bristol , D. G. (1982 ). The anion gap as a prognostic indicator in horses
with abdominal pain . J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 181 , 63 – 65 .
Brobst , D. ( 1984 ). Abnormalities of plasma sodium concentration and
water balance: a review . Calif. Vet. 38 ( 9 ) , 20 – 23 , 48.
Brobst , D. (1986 ). Review of the pathophysiology of alterations in potassium
homeostasis . J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 188 , 1019 – 1025 .
Brobst , D. F. , and Bayly , W. M. ( 1982 ). Responses of horses to a water
deprivation test . J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2 , 51 – 56 .
Brofman , P. J. , Knostman , K. A. , and DiBartola , S. P. ( 2003 ).
Granulomatous amebic meningoencephalitis causing the syndrome
of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone in a dog . J. Vet.
Int. Med. 17 , 230 – 234 .
Brooks , C. L. , Garry , F. , and Swartout , M. S. ( 1988 ). Effect of an interfering
substance on determination of potassium by ion-specific potentiometry
in animal urine . Am. J. Vet. Res. 49 , 710 – 714 .
Buck, W. B., Osweiler, G. D., and Van Gelder, G. A. (1976). Water
deprivation—sodium salt. In “ Clinical and Diagnostic Veterinary
Toxicology ” (W. B. Buck, G. D. Osweiler, and G. A. Van Gelder,
Eds.), 2nd ed., pp. 83–86. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, IA.
Burnell , J. M. , Villamil , M. F. , Uyeno , B. T. , and Scribner , B. H. ( 1966 ).
The effect in humans of extracellular pH change on the relationship
between serum potassium concentration and intracellular potassium .
J. Clin. Invest. 35 , 935 – 939 .
Carlson, G. P. (1975). Fluid and electrolyte alterations in endurance-trained
horses. In “ Proc. 1st Int. Symp. Equine Hematol, ” pp. 473– 480.
Am. Assoc. Equine Pract., Golden, CO.
Carlson , G. P. ( 1979 a ). Fluid therapy in horses with acute diarrhea . Vet.
Clin. N. Am. Lg. Anim. Pract. 1 , 313 – 329 .
Carlson , G. P. (1979b ). Physiologic responses to endurance exercise .
Proc. Ann. Convent. Am. Assoc. Equine Pract. 25 , 459 – 468 .
Carlson , G. P. ( 1983 a ). Fluid therapy . In “ Current Therapy in Equine
Medicine ” ( N. E. Robinson , Ed.) , pp. 311 – 318 . Saunders ,
Philadelphia .
Carlson , G. P. ( 1983 b ). Medical management of the exhausted horse .
In “ Current Therapy in Equine Medicine ” ( N. E. Robinson , Ed.) ,
pp. 318 – 321 . Saunders , Philadelphia .
Carlson , G. P. ( 1983 c ). Thermoregulation and fluid balance in the
exercising horse . In “Equine Exercise Physiology ” (D. H. Snow ,
S. G. B. Persson , and R. J. Rose , Eds.) , pp. 291 – 309 . Granta Editions ,
Cambridge, UK .
Carlson , G. P. ( 1987 ). Hematology and body fluids in the athlete: a
review . In “ Equine Exercise Physiology 2 ” ( J. R. Gillespie and
N. E. Robinson , Eds.) , pp. 393 – 426 . ICEEP , Davis, CA .
Carlson , G. P. ( 1995 ). Interrelationships between fluid, electrolyte and
acid-base balance during maximal exercise . Equine Vet. J. Suppl. 18 ,
261 – 265 .
Carlson , G. P. , Harrold , D. , and Rumbaugh , G. E. ( 1979 a ). Volume dilution
of sodium thiocyanate as a measure of extracellular fluid volume
in the horse . Am. J. Vet. Res. 40 , 587 – 589 .
Carlson , G. P. , and Rumbaugh , G. E. ( 1983 ). Response to saline solution
of normally fed horses and horses dehydrated by fasting . Am. J. Vet.
Res. 44 , 964 – 968 .
Carlson , G. P. , Rumbaugh , G. E. , and Harrold , D. R. ( 1979 b ). Physiologic
alterations in the horse produced by food and water deprivation during
periods of high environmental temperatures . Am. J. Vet. Res. 40 ,
982 – 985 .
Christensen , G. ( 1993 ). Cardiovascular and renal effects of atrial natriuretic
factor . Scand. J. Lab. Invest. 53 , 203 – 209 .
Clark , A. M. ( 1980 ). Parenteral fluid therapy in small animals . Vet. Rec.
106 , 146 – 149 .
Clausen , T. , Wang , P. , Orskov , H. , and Kristensen , O. ( 1980 ).
Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. Relationships between changes in