Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals (Sixth Edition) - UMK ...

V. Renal Function
847
ASPERGILLOSIS
LIVER CIRRHOSIS
02.10.85
Total protein 53 g/L (29-51)
A/G = 0.47 (1.4-4.9)
19.04.85
Total protein 34 g/L (29-51)
A/G 0.9 (1.4-4.9)
AST 2850 u/l (100-250)
4 17 4 28
4
12 5 6 6 1
20.02.86
Total protein 44 g/L
A/G = 1.1
13.05.85
Total protein 9 g/L
A/G 0.8
AST 274 u/l (100-250)
23 3 19
FIGURE 28-9 Plasma protein electrophoresis in an Amazon parrot
( Amazona sp.) with aspergillosis. At 4½ months after a diagnosis was
made and despite treatment with ketoconazole and 5-fluorocytosine, the
globulin fraction was still elevated, causing the A/G ratio to decrease (reference
values in parentheses). Reprinted with permission from Lumeij
(1987e) .
EGG PERITONITIS
2 2 1 2 2
FIGURE 28-11 Total protein concentration, plasma protein electrophoresis,
albumin:globulin ratio (A/G), and plasma aspartate aminotransferase
(AST) activity in an Amazon parrot ( Amazona sp.). At the first examination
there was a marked elevation of AST and decreased A/G. Liver
cirrhosis was diagnosed by means of histological examination of a liver
biopsy. The second protein electrophoresis was made from a plasma sample
collected just before the bird was euthanized 1 month later. Reference
values in parentheses. Reprinted with permission from Lumeij (1987e) .
14 7 16 11 5 3
25 3 2 5 6 2
26.02.86
Total protein 55 g/L
A/G 0.34
23.04.86
Total protein 43 g/L
A/G 1.39
FIGURE 28-10 Serum protein electrophoresis and albumin:globulin
(A/G) ratio in an Emu ( Dromiceius novaehollandiae ) with an egg-related
peritonitis. Two months after surgical treatment and remission of clinical
signs, a marked increase in the albumin fraction and decrease of the
globulin fraction was observed. Reprinted with permission from Lumeij
(1987e) .
V . RENAL FUNCTION
A . End Products of Protein Metabolism:
Hyperuricemia and Gout
Uric acid (UA) is the major end product of nitrogen (N)
metabolism in birds. It constitutes approximately 60%
to 80% of the total excreted N in avian urine ( Skadhauge,
1981 ). The formation of urea (UR) in pigeons occurs mainly
through arginolysis ( Bordel and Haase, 1998 ). Uricotelism
permits excretion or storage of N waste in a small volume
of water. UA is relatively nontoxic when compared to UR
or ammonia (NH 3 ), which is essential for the development
of the embryo in the egg of reptiles and birds. UA is synthesized
in the liver, and 90% is excreted via tubular secretion,
largely independent of urine flow rate ( Skadhauge, 1981 ).
The clearance of UA exceeds the glomerular filtration rate
by a factor 8 to 16. The rate of secretion is largely independent
of the state of hydration. Very high concentrations of
UA can be found in ureteral urine in dehydrated birds. Renal
function disorders can eventually lead to elevated plasma
UA concentrations. Nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) substances
in plasma such as UA, creatinine (Cr), and UR will only