Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals (Sixth Edition) - UMK ...

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V. Inference from Samples 17 of squares for the counts is 1948.8 with 29 degrees of freedom. This total has been decomposed into 1602.2 because of the COCKTAIL (reflective of the variability among exposure group means) with 2 degrees of freedom and 346.6 because of Error (reflective of the variability within exposure groups) with 27 degrees of freedom. The F -statistic is 62.405, considerably higher than 1, indicating highly significant separation among some or all of the group means. The column in the printout headed by Sig. gives the probability of observing such a large F -statistic under the hypothesis that the mean count for the three exposure groups is equal. This probability, commonly referred to as the p-value , is less than 0.0005 indicating that observing such a result is highly unlikely if the hypothesis is true. Figure 1-10 also summarizes the multiple comparisons of the mean count for the three exposure groups. The mean count for monkeys exposed to ACD3S was significantly higher than that for monkeys exposed to TCC, which in turn was significantly higher than that for monkeys that received the placebo. Note: The mean responses of two independent samples can be compared by using statistical software appropriate for performing a one-way analysis of variance as demonstrated earlier or by using the two-sample (independentsample) t -test procedure available with most statistical software. G . Efficiency in Experimental Designs The One-way ANOVA does not represent a superior method to that of the Bonferroni/Dunn procedure in the context in which it was presented. In fact, if a significant group effect was noted by the ANOVA, the Bonferroni/Dunn procedure or any other appropriate multiple comparison procedure would be used to identify which group differences were contributing to the overall group effect. The reason analysis of variance has been introduced is that it is a convenient method for assessing the importance of various sources of variability encountered in the complex designs of clinical laboratories. 1 . Factorial Designs Suppose in the context of the previous example there was interest not only in evaluating cocktail effects but also age effects. The researchers would obtain 15 infant and 15 adult monkeys (rhesus macaque) and randomly assign 5 monkeys of each age to receive TCC, 5 monkeys of each age to receive ACD3S, and 5 monkeys of each age to receive the placebo. Otherwise the experimental design is exactly like that described in Example 5 . The number of colonies of CD34 progenitor cells counted per plate for the six combinations of cocktail and age are those given in Figure 1-11 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 cocktail age count control control control control control control control control control control tcc tcc tcc tcc tcc tcc tcc tcc tcc tcc acd3s acd3s acd3s acd3s acd3s acd3s acd3s acd3s acd3s acd3s infant infant infant infant infant adult adult adult adult adult infant infant infant infant infant adult adult adult adult adult infant infant infant infant infant adult adult adult adult adult 45.00 47.00 39.00 47.00 51.00 39.00 40.00 42 00 35.00 38.00 52.00 52.00 53.00 54.00 49.00 49.00 48.00 51.00 52.00 51.00 66.00 64.00 62.00 61.00 58.00 57.00 56.00 59.00 59.00 60.00 FIGURE 1-11 SPSS worksheet for comparing the responses of the three groups of Example 5 using analysis of variance assuming a factorial design. [Partial instructions for SPSS data processing: the SPSS worksheet is Figure 1-11 , which includes one column providing the response (number of colonies of CD34 progenitor cells counted per plate, count ) information, one column providing the cocktail exposure information for each monkey (as done in Example 5), and one column providing the age of each monkey (labeled here as age ). To get the SPSS analysis, the instructions are exactly those given in Example 5 for the One-way ANOVA with the exceptions that age in addition to cocktail is placed in the Fixed Factor(s) box within the Univariate dialog box and descriptive statistics are requested for age as well as for cocktail within the Univariate: Options dialog box. Note that in this particular case a post hoc multiple comparison for “ age ” is not requested as “ age ” has only two categories and thus a significant “ age ” effect would imply that infant and adult means are different.] Figure 1-12 provides the ANOVA table resulting from a re-analysis of the count data for the 30 monkeys in Example 5 with their age taken into account. Note that the total ( Corrected Total ) sum of squares for the counts and
18 Chapter | 1 Concepts of Normality in Clinical Biochemistry Univariate Analysis of Variance Descriptive Statistics Dependent Variable: COUNT COCKTAIL AGE Mean Std. Deviation N control infant 45.8000 4.38178 5 adult 38.8000 2.58844 5 Total 42.3000 5.01221 10 tcc infant 52.0000 1.87083 5 adult 50.2000 1.64317 5 Total 51.1000 1.91195 10 acd3s infant 62.2000 3.03315 5 adult 58.2000 1.64317 5 Total 60.2000 3.11983 10 Total infant 53.3333 7.62202 15 adult 49.0667 8.44703 15 Total 51.2000 8.19756 30 Dependent Variable: COUNT Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Source Type III Sum of squares df Mean Square F Sig. Corrected Model 1772.800 a 5 354.560 48.349 .000 Intercept 78643.200 1 78643.200 10724.073 .000 COCKTAIL 1602.200 2 801.100 109.241 .000 AGE 136.533 1 136.533 18.618 .000 COCKTAIL * AGE 34.067 2 17.033 2.323 .120 Error 176.000 24 7.333 Total 80592.000 30 Corrected Total 1948.800 29 a R Squared .910 (Adjusted R Squared .891) Dependent Variable: COUNT Bonferroni Multiple Comparisons (I) COCKTAIL (J) COCKTAIL Mean Difference (I J) Std. Error Sig. 95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound control tcc 8.8000* 1.21106 .000 11.9168 5.6832 acd3s 17.9000* 1.21106 .000 21.0168 14.7832 tcc control 8.8000* 1.21106 .000 5.6832 11.9168 acd3s 9.1000* 1.21106 .000 12.2168 5.9832 acd3s control 17.9000* 1.21106 .000 14.7832 21.0168 tcc 9.1000* 1.21106 .000 5.9832 12.2168 Based on observed means. * The mean difference is significant at the .05 level. FIGURE 1-12 Partial SPSS printout of the analysis of variance for assessing both cocktail exposure and age effects assuming a factorial design. the Sum of Squares and Mean Square for COCKTAIL are the same as those obtained with the One-way ANOVA. What has changed is that the Sum of Squares for Error from the One-way ANOVA (346.6) has been decomposed into the Sum of Squares for AGE (136.533), for the interaction between COCKTAIL and AGE (designated in the ANOVA table as COCKTAIL * AGE ) (34.067), and for the new refined Error (176.0). Figure 1-12 also shows
Page 1 and 2: Preface It has been more than a dec
Page 3 and 4: viii Contributors Björn P. Meij (5
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Page 29 and 30: Chapter 2 Comparative Medical Genet
Page 31 and 32: I. Introduction 29 Green Red Green
Page 33 and 34: I. Introduction 31 A1 genetic map d
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IX. Disorders of Carbohydrate Metab
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X. Disorders of Ruminants Associate
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X. Disorders of Ruminants Associate
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References 79 Kaneko , J. J. , Luic
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Chapter 4 Lipids and Ketones Michae
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II. Long Chain Fatty Acids 83 FIGUR
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II. Long Chain Fatty Acids 85 Plasm
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IV. Phospholipids 87 The regulation
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V. Cholesterol 89 V. CHOLESTEROL A.
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VI. Lipoproteins 91 TABLE 4-1 Compo
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VI. Lipoproteins 93 TABLE 4-2 Apoli
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96 Chapter | 4 Lipids and Ketones B
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98 Chapter | 4 Lipids and Ketones
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Chapter 5 Proteins, Proteomics, and
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III. Metabolism of Proteins 119 C .
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IV. Plasma Proteins 121 NH 4 HCO
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V. Methodology 123 molecule. The gl
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V. Methodology 125 has occurred wil
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V. Methodology 127 Although attempt
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V. Methodology 129 kD 94 67 43 2 2
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V. Methodology 131 D . Specific Pro
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VI. Normal Plasma and Serum Protein
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VII. Interpretation of Serum Protei
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References 149 Andersson , M. , Ste
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References 151 response of haptoglo
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References 153 dogs with metastasiz
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References 155 Watson , T. D. G. (
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158 Chapter | 6 Clinical Veterinary
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V. Methods for Evaluation of the Im
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VI. Laboratory Diagnosis of Disease
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Chapter 7 The Erythrocyte: Physiolo
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II. Hematopoiesis 175 progenitor ce
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III. Developing Erythroid Cells 177
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IV. Mature RBC 185 immune-mediated
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IV. Mature RBC 187 TABLE 7-3 Erythr
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IV. Mature RBC 189 TABLE 7.5 Erythr
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IV. Mature RBC 191 Echinocyte forma
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IV. Mature RBC 193 Pig RBC isoantig
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IV. Mature RBC 195 occurs in chicke
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IV. Mature RBC 197 inorganic phosph
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IV. Mature RBC 199 (a) FIGURE 7-6 T
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IV. Mature RBC 201 RBC 2,3DPG incre
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IV. Mature RBC 203 mechanisms would
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IV. Mature RBC 205 released during
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IV. Mature RBC 207 reduced by ascor
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V. Determinants of RBC Survival 209
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V. Determinants of RBC Survival 211
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VI. Inherited Disorders of RBCs 213
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described in people. They include a
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References 221 Boas , F. E. , Forma
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References 223 Della Rovere , F. ,
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References 225 Gedde , M. M. , Davi
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References 227 phosphofructokinase-
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References 231 Martinovich , D. , a
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References 235 Shadduck , R. K. ( 1
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References 237 Tennant , B. , Dill
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References 239 Williams , D. M. , L
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Chapter 8 Porphyrins and the Porphy
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II. Porphyrins 243 two vinyl groups
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II. Porphyrins 245 TABLE 8-2 Nomenc
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IV. Porphyrias 247 6. Uroporphyrins
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IV. Porphyrias 249 i . Urine It is
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IV. Porphyrias 251 to localize the
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IV. Porphyrias 253 FIGURE 8-6 Metab
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IV. Porphyrias 255 estrogens. The d
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References 257 and hexachlorobenzen
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Chapter 9 Iron Metabolism and Its D
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II. Iron Distribution 261 plasma of
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IV. Plasma Iron Transport 263 pathw
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VI. Iron Metabolism in Cells 265 of
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VI. Iron Metabolism in Cells 267 in
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VII. Tests for Evaluating Iron Meta
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VII. Tests for Evaluating Iron Meta
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VIII. Disorders of Iron Metabolism
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References 279 ( Norrdin et al ., 2
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References 281 Fresco , R. ( 1981 )
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References 283 Moore , C. V. , Duba
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References 285 Weiden , P. L. , Hac
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288 Chapter | 10 Hemostasis TABLE 1
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292 Chapter | 10 Hemostasis The pro
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294 Chapter | 10 Hemostasis exhibit
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298 Chapter | 10 Hemostasis that is
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302 Chapter | 10 Hemostasis However
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304 Chapter | 10 Hemostasis 2. Comp
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306 Chapter | 10 Hemostasis is a re
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308 Chapter | 10 Hemostasis 2. Asse
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310 Chapter | 10 Hemostasis necessi
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312 Chapter | 10 Hemostasis disease
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314 Chapter | 10 Hemostasis concent
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316 Chapter | 10 Hemostasis the rol
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318 Chapter | 10 Hemostasis proport
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320 Chapter | 10 Hemostasis a consi
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322 Chapter | 10 Hemostasis Bakhtia
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324 Chapter | 10 Hemostasis Dowd ,
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326 Chapter | 10 Hemostasis Kier ,
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328 Chapter | 10 Hemostasis Nielsen
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330 Chapter | 10 Hemostasis Tablin
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332 Chapter | 11 Neutrophil Functio
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352 Chapter | 12 Diagnostic Enzymol
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380 Chapter | 13 Hepatic Function L
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382 Chapter | 13 Hepatic Function e
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384 Chapter | 13 Hepatic Function p
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386 Chapter | 13 Hepatic Function m
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388 Chapter | 13 Hepatic Function s
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390 Chapter | 13 Hepatic Function f
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392 Chapter | 13 Hepatic Function T
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394 Chapter | 13 Hepatic Function 2
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396 Chapter | 13 Hepatic Function u
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398 Chapter | 13 Hepatic Function 2
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400 Chapter | 13 Hepatic Function c
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402 Chapter | 13 Hepatic Function F
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404 Chapter | 13 Hepatic Function A
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406 Chapter | 13 Hepatic Function E
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408 Chapter | 13 Hepatic Function K
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410 Chapter | 13 Hepatic Function R
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412 Chapter | 13 Hepatic Function W
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414 Chapter | 14 Gastrointestinal F
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Chapter 15 Skeletal Muscle Function
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II. Specialization of the Sarcolemm
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II. Specialization of the Sarcolemm
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III. Heterogeneity of Skeletal Musc
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III. Heterogeneity of Skeletal Musc
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V. Exercise and Adaptations to Trai
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VI. Diagnostic Laboratory Methods f
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VI. Diagnostic Laboratory Methods f
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IX. Selected Neuromuscular Disorder
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IX. Selected Neuromuscular Disorder
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References 479 and, recently, there
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References 481 Engel , A. G. ( 2004
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References 483 Paciello , O. , Maio
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Chapter 16 Kidney Function and Dama
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II. Kidney Morphology and Function
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II. Kidney Morphology and Function
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III. Tests of Kidney Function 491 (
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III. Tests of Kidney Function 493 T
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III. Tests of Kidney Function 495 B
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6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Dog Cat Equine Cattle
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III. Tests of Kidney Function 499 d
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IV. Tests of Kidney Damage 501 1000
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IV. Tests of Kidney Damage 503 and
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IV. Tests of Kidney Damage 505 Enzy
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V. Biochemical Changes in Kidney Di
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V. Biochemical Changes in Kidney Di
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References 511 were reported to occ
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References 513 Bovee , K. C. ( 1969
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References 515 Deguchi , E. , and A
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References 517 Fleming , S. A. , Hu
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References 519 Harvey , D. G. ( 197
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References 521 Kühl , S. , Mischke
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References 523 creatinine measureme
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References 525 Reusch , C. , Vochez
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References 527 Terry , R. , Hawkins
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Chapter 17 Fluid, Electrolyte, and
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532 Chapter | 17 Fluid, Electrolyte
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VIII. Clinicopathological Indicator
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References 555 plasma water, electr
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References 557 Krzywanek , H. ( 197
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References 559 Strombeck , D. R. (1
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562 Chapter | 18 Pituitary Function
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606 Chapter | 19 Adrenocortical Fun
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624 Chapter | 20 Thyroid Function a
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626 Chapter | 20 Thyroid Function t
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628 Chapter | 20 Thyroid Function A
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630 Chapter | 20 Thyroid Function S
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632 Chapter | 20 Thyroid Function a
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634 Chapter | 20 Thyroid Function O
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636 Chapter | 21 Clinical Reproduct
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664 Chapter | 22 Trace Minerals the
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666 Chapter | 22 Trace Minerals the
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668 Chapter | 22 Trace Minerals P i
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670 Chapter | 22 Trace Minerals be
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Copper Cuproreductase Cytochromes C
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674 Chapter | 22 Trace Minerals 2 .
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676 Chapter | 22 Trace Minerals Cor
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678 Chapter | 22 Trace Minerals inf
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680 Chapter | 22 Trace Minerals tis
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682 Chapter | 22 Trace Minerals VI
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684 Chapter | 22 Trace Minerals red
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686 Chapter | 22 Trace Minerals of
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688 Chapter | 22 Trace Minerals Per
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690 Chapter | 22 Trace Minerals In
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692 Chapter | 22 Trace Minerals Liu
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Chapter 23 Vitamins Robert B. Rucke
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III. Fat-Soluble Vitamins 697 TABLE
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III. Fat-Soluble Vitamins 699 Carot
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III. Fat-Soluble Vitamins 701 Major
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III. Fat-Soluble Vitamins 703 doses
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III. Fat-Soluble Vitamins 705 Diet
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III. Fat-Soluble Vitamins 707 conta
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III. Fat-Soluble Vitamins 709 immun
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IV. Water-Soluble Vitamins 711 are
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IV. Water-Soluble Vitamins 713 abil
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IV. Water-Soluble Vitamins 715 5’
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IV. Water-Soluble Vitamins 717 H 2
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IV. Water-Soluble Vitamins 719 Enzy
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722 Chapter | 23 Vitamins When biot
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724 Chapter | 23 Vitamins Cyanocoba
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726 Chapter | 23 Vitamins V . VITAM
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728 Chapter | 23 Vitamins nature, r
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730 Chapter | 23 Vitamins Stites ,
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732 Chapter | 24 Lysosomal Storage
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Chapter 25 Tumor Markers Michael D.
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II. Serum Tumor Markers 753 also be
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III. Flow Cytometry 755 cancer of t
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V. Immunohistochemistry/Immunocytoc
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V. Immunohistochemistry/Immunocytoc
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References 761 analysis will facili
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References 763 Fernandez , N. J. ,
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References 765 Meinecke , B. , and
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References 767 Walter , J. ( 2000 )
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770 Chapter | 26 Cerebrospinal Flui
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TABLE 26-7 Continued Constituent Ro
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Chapter 27 Clinical Biochemistry in
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II. Hepatotoxicity 823 Therefore, A
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III. Nephrotoxicity 825 suggested a
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IV. Toxins Affecting Skeletal and C
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VII. Toxins Affecting Erythrocytes
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VIII. Toxins Affecting Hemoglobin a
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IX. Toxins Affecting the Nervous Sy
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References 835 Plants classified as
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References 837 Solaiman , S. G. , M
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840 Chapter | 28 Avian Clinical Bio
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Budgerigar ALAT (IU/g tissue) Budge
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874 Appendix | I SI Units TABLE E S
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Appendix II Conversion Factors of S
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Appendix IV Stability of Serum Enzy
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Appendix VI Nomogram for Computing
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t0100 Appendix VIII Blood Analyte R
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884 Appendix | VIII Blood Analyte R
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890 Appendix | IX Blood Analyte Ref
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Appendix X Blood Analyte Reference
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Appendix XI Blood Analyte Reference
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Appendix XII Urine Analyte Referenc
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902 Appendix | XIII Cerebrospinal F
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904 Appendix | XIV Cerebrospinal Fl
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