Dissertation_Dr Faisal Almubarak

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100 The combined effects of oil exploitation and the state's modernization programs have drastically altered the traditional urban system. A new urban network has emerged with minimum reference to the physico-cultural environment In the urban literature of Developing countries, the restructuring of the national economy to adapt to the needs of the international economic imperatives, it is argued, has resulted in the spreading of nationalism, economic development and urbanization in traditional societies. Five repercussions in the national urban development can be pointed to for their relevance in this study. 71 First, by accelerating the process of industrialization and integration to the international economic system, the rate of metropolitan growth increases. Industrialization induces migration to the urban centers which undermines traditional forms of production in rural areas. For example, between 1974-84 the area of Jeddah has multiplied 49 times its previous size. Doxiadis Consultants estimated that by the 1960s, 85 percent of Riyadh's household heads were born outside the city and that migration accounted for 70 percent of the city's annual growth rate. 72 Second, the internal pre-industrial structure of the national economy was weakened while the international linkages were strengthened. The ramifications of such restructuring are profound. In most developing countries, the concentration of industrial development in growth poles is encouraged as economic strategy by national authorities to reap maximum benefits of economies of agglomerations (benefits which expected to accrue when economic activities take place near each other). A duality in the economic structure emerges as an urban center witnesses rapid growth whereas a rural periphery's economy is either stagnant or declining. This results in an influx from the periphery to the center creating a situation of "over-urbanization" characterized by acute shortages in urban services, severe unemployment and the emergence of marginal population working in the informal sectors of the economy. In some developing countries, such factors result in primacy where a city dominates the national urban structure. In Saudi Arabia, the allocation of oil revenues outside the oil-rich regions in the form of modernization programs followed political criteria, that is political stability and national security. Thus, Saudi cities which had had a major role in the- traditional urban economy such as Makkah and Madinah have lost rank to the administrative city of Riyadh; and the fishing settlements of Dammam, Khobar and Dhahran prospered owing their growth to the oil industry. The industrial complexes of Jubail and Yanbu witnessed unprecedented growth in lieu of the government's effort to diversify the national economy based on petrochemical industries. Table 3.5 illustrates
101 TABLE 3.5 Top Cities with Population of more than 30,000 (1974) and Their Share of Private Sector Establishments CITY NO ES TABLIS H-MENTS (1981) 3 %OF COUNTRY'S TOTAL Est Riyadh 30,611 21.1 Jeddah 28,651 19.8 Makkah 12,332 '8.5 Attaif 6,735 4.7 Madinah 7,906 5.4 Al-Hasa/Hufuf 5,458 3.8 Dammam 6,828 4.7 Tabouk 2,719 1.9 Buraidah 3,281 2.3 Khamis-Mushait 3,002 2.0 Khubar 3,446 2.4 Najran 1,762 1.2 Hail 2,721 1.9 Jaizan 1,335 1.0 Abha 1,911 1.3 Arar 1,245 0.9 Sources: (Y)The Statistical Indicator, Ministry of Finance and National Economy, (2) Atlas of Saudi Cities. Ministry of Municipalities and Rural Affairs, (3) Statistical Year Book (1989) Ministry of Finance and National Economy.
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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscrip
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Urbanization, Urban Policy and City
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In presenting this dissertation in
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state in contemporary urban develop
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IV. Two Decades of Turmoil (1953-19
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CHAPTER VIII State-led Urbanization
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LIST OF FIGURES Number Page 1.1 Map
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CHAPTER I URBANIZATION, URBAN POLIC
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3 the same time, industrialization'
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5 macro-social change. He states th
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7 In addition to this form of livin
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9 In most cases, even physical plan
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11 V. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND STRU
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13 overview of the economic and pol
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15 research findings: an evaluation
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17 15 Quoted by C. G. Pickvance, "C
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19 resulted in problematic urbaniza
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21 Prophet taught that the Biblical
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23 and/or transformed already exist
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25 differentiation between the town
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Those who fled Makkah with the Prop
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29 left unbuilt for the use of vari
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31 The origin of the schools of tho
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33 3. THE CIRCULATION SPACE. The de
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35 duties including the supervision
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37 contrasted qualities, between th
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39 found intimate, lasting bonds of
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41 checkered early history of eclec
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43 IV. CRITIQUE OF THE MODEL Accord
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45 however contributed decisively t
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47 So, Islam's perception of dunia
Page 65 and 66: 49 guild, all regulated in the ligh
Page 67 and 68: 51 Prophet. By doing so , a person
Page 69 and 70: 53 Kenneth Brown (1986b), 77. M. Bo
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER HI FORCES OF CHANGE IN SAUD
Page 73 and 74: attentions from the local level to
Page 75 and 76: 59 written document spelling out it
Page 77 and 78: 61 was espoused to create outlets f
Page 79 and 80: 63 states, Abdul-Aziz mustered his
Page 81 and 82: 65 his extended family's living dep
Page 83 and 84: 67 The decline was also partly caus
Page 85 and 86: 69 toward a polyarchy of tribes lur
Page 87 and 88: 71 Table 3.1 Oil Production and Rev
Page 89 and 90: 73 With the shift from traditional,
Page 91 and 92: 75 which gave the United States acc
Page 93 and 94: 77 primary and secondary schools, i
Page 95 and 96: 79 the urgent need to shift gears t
Page 97 and 98: 81 This intermittent process of sed
Page 99 and 100: 83 petitioning of the central gover
Page 101 and 102: 85 leaps toward modernity. And inst
Page 103 and 104: 87 of surplus population in urban c
Page 105 and 106: 89 the premise that Ml benefits of
Page 107 and 108: 91 imports of raw materials and mac
Page 109 and 110: 93 oil exports and infrastructural
Page 111 and 112: 95 determined by social status. The
Page 113 and 114: 97 self-employed peasant earned a m
Page 115: 99 small-arms and ammunitions facto
Page 119 and 120: 103 SUMMARY In what seemed at the b
Page 121 and 122: 105 financial support, complaints,
Page 123 and 124: 107 Abdul-Rahman H. Al-Said, "The T
Page 125 and 126: 109 64 N.C. Grill, "Urbanization In
Page 127 and 128: Ill My discussion starts with a his
Page 129 and 130: 113 the modern state, advocating th
Page 131 and 132: 115 more importance on "means" and
Page 133 and 134: 117 states "A more important proble
Page 135 and 136: 119 planning toward expertise and t
Page 137 and 138: 121 With oil income available to th
Page 139 and 140: 123 in. SAUDI GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
Page 141 and 142: 125 sites. The King, who was advise
Page 143 and 144: 127 municipalities, 43 village clus
Page 145 and 146: 129 bustling plexus/center of immen
Page 147 and 148: 131 services, for the new annexes o
Page 149 and 150: 133 compensations plus a thirty per
Page 151 and 152: 135 settlements, nomads and expatri
Page 153 and 154: 137 the royal family, old-fashioned
Page 155 and 156: 139 The five-year plan comprises (1
Page 157 and 158: 141 to sort urban activities into d
Page 159 and 160: 143 Yanbu occupies public land of 8
Page 161 and 162: 145 land uses backed with detailed
Page 163 and 164: 147 imported models, chiefly Wester
Page 165 and 166: 149 15 Self (1985), 877. 16 Ibid. L
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151 big multi-story apartment build
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CHAPTER V MAJOR TRADITIONAL URBAN A
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155 A. Semi-Local Autonomy and Gove
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157 development, no master plans, a
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159 charities, waqf. For instance,
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161 faced with increasing world dem
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163 Notes to Chapter V 1 Six major
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165 The relationship between neighb
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CHAPTER VI RIYADH: FROM WALLED TOWN
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169 iMusmak Built Area '-'r.identir
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171 and saucepans, wooden chests of
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173 town inhabited mostly by the un
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175 Muslim center, when compared to
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177 In the oases and towns, propert
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179 tribal chiefs and influential t
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181 improved economy and its increa
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183 into a nuclei of the Matar subu
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185 as practiced by Amanat Ar-Riyad
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187 [AOH \*-\K il 1975 Figure 6.5 R
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189 land, reflected the Saudi econo
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191 notion, that is, the realizatio
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193 It I j i 1 i 1 i Bv gy- - 1 ili
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195 household itself. Wealthy peopl
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197 communities. Aramco introduced
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199 heritage in an era of technolog
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Figure 6.10 Riyadh: King Saud's roy
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203 LOCALITY PLAN V Figure 6.12 Al-
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205 leading to the airport. In cont
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207 on the urban scene. His reforms
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Table 6.1 Number of Permits (Constr
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Municipally population (1940s) Tabl
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213 expanding cities. Master city p
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215 Commerce. Busincu tad Ciric |QQ
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217 attention to economic determina
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219 zr/M Khjzian J T.\. Street Figu
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221 urban growth consumed most of t
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223 government spending fueled city
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225 paying consideration to the cen
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227 bring more customers to the dow
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229 While the foci of capitalist wo
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231 mollifying and complementing th
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233 The modern urban form possesses
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235 developed land use. Another 13
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237 in 1950, and the transfer of th
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239 Table 6.5 Riyadh's Land Uses an
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241 expertise impeded the implement
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243 16 Adeeb Faris. Ar Riyadh: Wath
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245 36 H. St J. B. Philby, "Riyadh:
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247 59 K. Brown. Middle Eastern Cit
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249 (valleys), Arar and Badanah, wh
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251 The unprecedented venture of bu
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253 Between 1973 and 1986 Arar witn
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255 even shrank considerably follow
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257 JL IgUi v / • Arar's layout d
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259 Doxiadis Plan, (5) militarizati
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261 Aththouqbah, the Tapline compan
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263 processing and assembly, etc.)
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265 rising oil revenues. 25 During
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267 In 1976, the government authori
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269 rv^ Figure 7.5 King Abdul-Aziz
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271 I— _r
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273 ; 'i'% Residential Area rV s3\^
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275 j "Hf \\\X j»Lfc AR'AR FINAl M
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277 them to seek better and larger
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279 mosques and the like. The numbe
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281 construction permits issued by
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283 Figure 7.11 The Urban Domain fo
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285 built environment, all consiste
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287 Notes to Chapter VII 1 Helmut M
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289 free of charge. If such person
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291 47 A1 Hathloul and Amroush (198
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293 (inevitably calling for the imp
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295 Ashsha'eeb's topography helped
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297 impact of these series of battl
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299 The historical development of H
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301 Mohammad (1803-14) the grandson
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303 rectangular forms. In 1965-66 t
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305 The built form of present Hurai
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307 dilapidated, mud houses had bec
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309 fr-xttxw^XvSNsvXvWx^ww&i-xyrX ,
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311 responsible for issuing buildin
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313 urban growth and management mus
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315 Figure 8.11 Starting during the
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317 to virtually all those who appl
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319 lid t)3acs • 1 11 iffrhj =3 a
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321 Huraimla. 22 Between 1970 and 1
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323 In Huraimla, to encourage and e
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325 compared to the traditional bui
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327 Notes to Chapter VIII 1 H. St.
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329 21 For example, the estate al A
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331 polarization of power under the
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333 development. This requires the
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335 residential suburbs, megalomani
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337 branches of the central governm
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339 Whilst steps toward integrated
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341 such a dynamism to suburban gro
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343 HI. ENVISIONING THE PLURALISTIC
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345 government, a greater flexibili
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347 Notes to Chapter IX 1 The abili
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Abdulaal, Walead. "Imp
Page 367 and 368:
351 A1 Rashid, Ibrahim. Documents o
Page 369 and 370:
353 Bligh, Alexander. "The Saudi Re
Page 371 and 372:
355 Doxiadis Associates. Northern R
Page 373 and 374:
357 "Governmental Services and Inte
Page 375 and 376:
359 Huntington, Samuel P. Political
Page 377 and 378:
361 Ministry of Communications. Hig
Page 379 and 380:
363 Morris, A.E.J. History of Urban
Page 381 and 382:
365 Salamah, Gasssan. "Saudi Arabia
Page 383 and 384:
367 Wilber, C. and K. Jameson. "Par
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