Dissertation_Dr Faisal Almubarak

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financial support, complaints, requests for governmental services and the like. It is not governed by
documented procedures or based on legal powers.
12
Mark Heller and Nadav Safran. The New Middle Class and Regime Stability in Saudi Arabia.
Harvard Middle East Papers, Modern Series: Number 3 (Cambridge, Mass.: Center For Middle
Eastern Studies, Harvard University, 1984), Nadav Safran.Saittft Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest For
Security (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988).
Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press,
1968), 155.
Ahmad A1 Shamkh. 1975. Spatial Patterns of Bedouin Settlements in Al Qasim Region, Saudi
Arabia, Ph.D. Dissertation (University of Kentucky, 1975).
For a quick reference on economic resources available to the government in the pre-oil era, see
Michael Field, "Saudi Arabia: The Eastern Province Before Oil," Middle East International 86 (Aug,
1978):27-29.
16 Alan George, "Bedouin Settlement in Saudi Arabia," Middle East International 51 (September,
1975), 27.
17 Along with the majority of the inland area, the population of Najd, the Ikhwan (Muslim
brotherhood), adhered to the dominant puritanical religious movement led by the eighteenth century
reformer, Mohammed Bin Abdul-Wahhab. During the early period of King Abdul-Aziz's reign, they
comprised a fighting force of 73,000 by some accounts.
18 King Abdul-Aziz also made use of technology when he installed eleven wireless stations and four
mobile stations which he utilized to control the bedouins. E. Monroe, Philby of Arabia (London:
Quartet Books, 1980), 172.
19
A. George (1975), 28.
20 H. S. Al-Musallim and A. F. Al-Quraishi, "Al Istitan wa-al Qawuai'd allati Tah'kum Nomu wa-
Takween Al Hijar." (Sedentarization: the Rules that Govern its Growth and Formation) Second
Conference for Municipalities and Rural Communities. First Edition. (Riyadh: National Guards
Press, 1985).
21 Based on previous trials, the Council of Ministers (CM) issued several decrees to avoid past
mistakes. See for example CM Decree 3 dated l/l/1403h (1983) which authorized the Ministry of
Municipalities and Rural Affairs to oversee the activity. The government control over the new hijar
was strengthened by issuing the Royal Order 11671 dated 16/5/1401h (1981). The Order stipulated
that lands granted for hijar settlements are not private grants that entail recipients to sell or cede the
land without state authorization. Moreover, Royal Decrees 10607 dated 8/5/1401,11398 of
14/5/1402h (1981) ordered a halt to new settlements unless justified by due feasibility studies.
Source: Al-Musallim et. al. op cit.
22 This is valid if both studies of the two ministries use the same definitions of what constitutes hijrah.
The 1974 census lists the total number of settlements ("localities") at 20,995. See Kadi and Ibraeem
(1981), 10, below.