Dissertation_Dr Faisal Almubarak

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284 Table 7.3 Area of Land Uses As Listed in the Urban Domain of Arar (in hectares) Land Uses Existing Area Existing Area Needed Land by Needed Land (%) 1995 by 2015 Residential 365 14.00 227.00 307 Commercial 52 2.00 8.5 18 Mixed (Comm. Res.) 48.78 1.90 15 25 Industrial 3.75 0.15 50 75 Government (public)* 159.80 6.15 58.5 33.50 Government (private)** 693.90 26.70 693.9 - Public Services/Utilities 157 6.00 56 88 Agriculture 3.75. 0.15 - - Historical - - - - Open Space 30 1.15 25 15 Restricted Areas 440 16.90 2,500 150 Land for Future Developable 646 24.90 2,122.5 1,528.5 Total Area 2,600 100 5,756.4 2,240 Total (cumulative) 2,600 - 8,356.4 10,596.4 * Area designating Government (public) denotes local and regional administrative services. ** Denotes governmental land that is currently or reserved for military and security departments. Source: Atlas of Saudi Cities: Urban Domain (1989), 15.
285 built environment, all consistent with the political system's traditional character and contributing to the sustenance of the socio-political and economic status quo. SUMMARY From an industrial complex on the Tapline oil corridor, Arar emerged as a regional urban center serving political, economic and military functions as well housing a population of 65,500 inhabitants. The birth of Arar in 1950 represents the restructuring of the modern national urban network according to the emerging oil economy and under the auspices of the nation-state. The shift from traditional-subsistence town economies- manifest in - maritime and caravan trade centers, oasis settlements and hamlets- to a modern ones chiefly dependent on oil production and central government's backing signaled an irrevocable process of urbanization. As the significance of the Tapline project to the national economy diminished in the mid 1970s, the political importance of the town emerged as the major force behind Arar's accelerated urban growth. Originally built for pure economic reasons, that is, to meet the logistics of oil transportation, Arar's subsequent growth reflected the national government's political goals, viz as a military outpost and an administrative service center for one of the Kingdom's barren regions. The nation-state in its efforts to cultivate massive oil resources has effectively participated in the urbanization of the desolate northern region through the redistribution of oil income to all regions, including the Northern Province, by creating jobs and investment in the build environment. Arar was endowed with government departments which brought the previously industrial camp into a status capable of serving the needs of the region's population as well as to fulfill national security goals and symbolize the monarchy's suzerainty. Arar's planned growth intermittently witnessed the proliferation of haphazard growth in the form of shantytowns. Arar's development typified modern urban planning practices in Saudi Arabia manifest in the major phases of platting grid-iron land subdivisions, the less-than successful experiment with a master plan, and the latest, seemingly pragmatic Urban Domain approach. All Arar's growth phases, save the original oil complex built by the Tapline, conformed to the national codes of urban design and legislation. The uncoordinated implementation of numerous urban growth-related decrees by the central
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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscrip
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Urbanization, Urban Policy and City
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In presenting this dissertation in
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state in contemporary urban develop
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IV. Two Decades of Turmoil (1953-19
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CHAPTER VIII State-led Urbanization
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LIST OF FIGURES Number Page 1.1 Map
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CHAPTER I URBANIZATION, URBAN POLIC
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3 the same time, industrialization'
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5 macro-social change. He states th
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7 In addition to this form of livin
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9 In most cases, even physical plan
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11 V. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND STRU
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13 overview of the economic and pol
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15 research findings: an evaluation
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17 15 Quoted by C. G. Pickvance, "C
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19 resulted in problematic urbaniza
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21 Prophet taught that the Biblical
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23 and/or transformed already exist
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25 differentiation between the town
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Those who fled Makkah with the Prop
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29 left unbuilt for the use of vari
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31 The origin of the schools of tho
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33 3. THE CIRCULATION SPACE. The de
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35 duties including the supervision
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37 contrasted qualities, between th
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39 found intimate, lasting bonds of
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41 checkered early history of eclec
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43 IV. CRITIQUE OF THE MODEL Accord
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45 however contributed decisively t
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47 So, Islam's perception of dunia
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49 guild, all regulated in the ligh
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51 Prophet. By doing so , a person
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53 Kenneth Brown (1986b), 77. M. Bo
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CHAPTER HI FORCES OF CHANGE IN SAUD
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attentions from the local level to
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59 written document spelling out it
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61 was espoused to create outlets f
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63 states, Abdul-Aziz mustered his
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65 his extended family's living dep
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67 The decline was also partly caus
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69 toward a polyarchy of tribes lur
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71 Table 3.1 Oil Production and Rev
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73 With the shift from traditional,
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75 which gave the United States acc
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77 primary and secondary schools, i
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79 the urgent need to shift gears t
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81 This intermittent process of sed
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83 petitioning of the central gover
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85 leaps toward modernity. And inst
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87 of surplus population in urban c
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89 the premise that Ml benefits of
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91 imports of raw materials and mac
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93 oil exports and infrastructural
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95 determined by social status. The
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97 self-employed peasant earned a m
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99 small-arms and ammunitions facto
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101 TABLE 3.5 Top Cities with Popul
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103 SUMMARY In what seemed at the b
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105 financial support, complaints,
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107 Abdul-Rahman H. Al-Said, "The T
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109 64 N.C. Grill, "Urbanization In
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Ill My discussion starts with a his
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113 the modern state, advocating th
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115 more importance on "means" and
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117 states "A more important proble
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119 planning toward expertise and t
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121 With oil income available to th
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123 in. SAUDI GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
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125 sites. The King, who was advise
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127 municipalities, 43 village clus
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129 bustling plexus/center of immen
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131 services, for the new annexes o
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133 compensations plus a thirty per
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135 settlements, nomads and expatri
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137 the royal family, old-fashioned
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139 The five-year plan comprises (1
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141 to sort urban activities into d
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143 Yanbu occupies public land of 8
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145 land uses backed with detailed
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147 imported models, chiefly Wester
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149 15 Self (1985), 877. 16 Ibid. L
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151 big multi-story apartment build
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CHAPTER V MAJOR TRADITIONAL URBAN A
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155 A. Semi-Local Autonomy and Gove
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157 development, no master plans, a
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159 charities, waqf. For instance,
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161 faced with increasing world dem
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163 Notes to Chapter V 1 Six major
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165 The relationship between neighb
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CHAPTER VI RIYADH: FROM WALLED TOWN
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169 iMusmak Built Area '-'r.identir
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171 and saucepans, wooden chests of
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173 town inhabited mostly by the un
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175 Muslim center, when compared to
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177 In the oases and towns, propert
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179 tribal chiefs and influential t
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181 improved economy and its increa
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183 into a nuclei of the Matar subu
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185 as practiced by Amanat Ar-Riyad
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187 [AOH \*-\K il 1975 Figure 6.5 R
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189 land, reflected the Saudi econo
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191 notion, that is, the realizatio
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193 It I j i 1 i 1 i Bv gy- - 1 ili
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195 household itself. Wealthy peopl
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197 communities. Aramco introduced
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199 heritage in an era of technolog
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Figure 6.10 Riyadh: King Saud's roy
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203 LOCALITY PLAN V Figure 6.12 Al-
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205 leading to the airport. In cont
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207 on the urban scene. His reforms
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Table 6.1 Number of Permits (Constr
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Municipally population (1940s) Tabl
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213 expanding cities. Master city p
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215 Commerce. Busincu tad Ciric |QQ
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217 attention to economic determina
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219 zr/M Khjzian J T.\. Street Figu
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221 urban growth consumed most of t
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223 government spending fueled city
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225 paying consideration to the cen
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227 bring more customers to the dow
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229 While the foci of capitalist wo
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231 mollifying and complementing th
Page 249 and 250: 233 The modern urban form possesses
Page 251 and 252: 235 developed land use. Another 13
Page 253 and 254: 237 in 1950, and the transfer of th
Page 255 and 256: 239 Table 6.5 Riyadh's Land Uses an
Page 257 and 258: 241 expertise impeded the implement
Page 259 and 260: 243 16 Adeeb Faris. Ar Riyadh: Wath
Page 261 and 262: 245 36 H. St J. B. Philby, "Riyadh:
Page 263 and 264: 247 59 K. Brown. Middle Eastern Cit
Page 265 and 266: 249 (valleys), Arar and Badanah, wh
Page 267 and 268: 251 The unprecedented venture of bu
Page 269 and 270: 253 Between 1973 and 1986 Arar witn
Page 271 and 272: 255 even shrank considerably follow
Page 273 and 274: 257 JL IgUi v / • Arar's layout d
Page 275 and 276: 259 Doxiadis Plan, (5) militarizati
Page 277 and 278: 261 Aththouqbah, the Tapline compan
Page 279 and 280: 263 processing and assembly, etc.)
Page 281 and 282: 265 rising oil revenues. 25 During
Page 283 and 284: 267 In 1976, the government authori
Page 285 and 286: 269 rv^ Figure 7.5 King Abdul-Aziz
Page 287 and 288: 271 I— _r
Page 289 and 290: 273 ; 'i'% Residential Area rV s3\^
Page 291 and 292: 275 j "Hf \\\X j»Lfc AR'AR FINAl M
Page 293 and 294: 277 them to seek better and larger
Page 295 and 296: 279 mosques and the like. The numbe
Page 297 and 298: 281 construction permits issued by
Page 299: 283 Figure 7.11 The Urban Domain fo
Page 303 and 304: 287 Notes to Chapter VII 1 Helmut M
Page 305 and 306: 289 free of charge. If such person
Page 307 and 308: 291 47 A1 Hathloul and Amroush (198
Page 309 and 310: 293 (inevitably calling for the imp
Page 311 and 312: 295 Ashsha'eeb's topography helped
Page 313 and 314: 297 impact of these series of battl
Page 315 and 316: 299 The historical development of H
Page 317 and 318: 301 Mohammad (1803-14) the grandson
Page 319 and 320: 303 rectangular forms. In 1965-66 t
Page 321 and 322: 305 The built form of present Hurai
Page 323 and 324: 307 dilapidated, mud houses had bec
Page 325 and 326: 309 fr-xttxw^XvSNsvXvWx^ww&i-xyrX ,
Page 327 and 328: 311 responsible for issuing buildin
Page 329 and 330: 313 urban growth and management mus
Page 331 and 332: 315 Figure 8.11 Starting during the
Page 333 and 334: 317 to virtually all those who appl
Page 335 and 336: 319 lid t)3acs • 1 11 iffrhj =3 a
Page 337 and 338: 321 Huraimla. 22 Between 1970 and 1
Page 339 and 340: 323 In Huraimla, to encourage and e
Page 341 and 342: 325 compared to the traditional bui
Page 343 and 344: 327 Notes to Chapter VIII 1 H. St.
Page 345 and 346: 329 21 For example, the estate al A
Page 347 and 348: 331 polarization of power under the
Page 349 and 350: 333 development. This requires the
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335 residential suburbs, megalomani
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337 branches of the central governm
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339 Whilst steps toward integrated
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341 such a dynamism to suburban gro
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343 HI. ENVISIONING THE PLURALISTIC
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345 government, a greater flexibili
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347 Notes to Chapter IX 1 The abili
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Abdulaal, Walead. "Imp
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351 A1 Rashid, Ibrahim. Documents o
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353 Bligh, Alexander. "The Saudi Re
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355 Doxiadis Associates. Northern R
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357 "Governmental Services and Inte
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359 Huntington, Samuel P. Political
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361 Ministry of Communications. Hig
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363 Morris, A.E.J. History of Urban
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365 Salamah, Gasssan. "Saudi Arabia
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367 Wilber, C. and K. Jameson. "Par
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