Dissertation_Dr Faisal Almubarak

More documents

Recommendations

Info

336 CULTURAL ATTRIBUTES Government Control Economy Urban Planning and Design Land Ownership and Distribution Home Ownership Public Infrastructure Table 9.1: Matrix of Cultural Urban Attributes TRADITIONAL BUILT FORMS • Princedoms, Tribal sheikdoms, Decentralized (1) Inter-Settlements: • Dispersed political nodes of power • Minimum interaction with a political center (2) Intra-Settlement: • Traditional authority • Intricate system based on an hierarchy of customary decisionmaking forms of participation • Local administration of residential quarters • Subsistence agriculture and pastoral economy • Atomistic markets • Tax-based income • Informal sector • Local initiative • Spontaneous growth, • Governed by social norms (as opposed to technical) • Environmentally responsive • Macroclimate • Land was a social resource, • Post development tenure, • Irregular lots, • Islamic inheritance law allows for divisibility of property • Shufah helped forge kinship-based quarters • Buildings determined lot shape, hence town/ neighborhoods forms. • Cooperatively financed and Self-Help, • Mostly local building materials, • Extended family • Residents maintained neighborhoods, Waqf supported public services • Minimum intervention by authorities in local affairs CONTEMPORARY BUILT FORMS • Monarchy, Nationalism, Centralized (1) Inter-Settlements: • Hierarchical organization of centrally administered regions, sub-regions and settlements (2) Intra-Settlements: • The bureaucratic amir relies on and coordinates a network of specialized state agencies such as the municipality, police, schools, health, etc. • Traditional (symbolic) viceroy • Oil-based national economy, • Nationally integrated, • Diversified urban economies, highly dependent on oil revenues through government allocation mechanisms, and employment • Formal sector • Excessively and central state activity • Top-down • Technical (secular) • Western-inspired • Microclimate • Land as commodity • Large-scale acquisition of land and subdivision, • Indivisibility of land • Conversion of raw land based on actual need and market speculation • Credit: Private Institution • Credit: state subsidized • Largely imported building materials, • Nuclear family • Government provided
337 branches of the central government, coordinates bureaucratic functions to implement national goals. 3 The new town's principality, the imarah, and municipality, the baladiyah, and other central government branches served as surrogate organizations which implemented progressive national modernization programs and urban planning legislation. Consequently, local autonomy was gradually transformed into subservient administrative parts of the central political order. B. Economy As previously mentioned, oil revenues have offered windfall income to the central government. This has greatly diminished the significance of settlement revenues to the central government, which abandoned reliance on towns' generated taxes (e.g. zakat) and other sources of local revenue following the discovery of oil. Oil income has enabled the central state to be a distributor of the natural resource, hence heralding an increasing role of the elitist and paternalistic welfare state in modern urban economies. As oil revenues poured into government coffers, the central state helped in the expansion of employment, absorbing a large number of the working force, from the traditional sectors to the newlyestablished public agencies (schools and health clinics, etc.). In addition, the massive modernization programs helped in the creation of considerable jobs in the private sector, and transformed traditional town subsistence economies into modern, diversified, yet heavily subsidized urban economies. Due to the expansion of employment outside the traditional sectors, new divisions of labor ensued, which vastly contributed to the division of work and living spaces in the contemporary city. Moreover, the booming decades of the 1970s and 1980s engendered work opportunities which required the recruitment of skilled and non-skilled Saudis and foreigners to the growing cities, bringing new lifestyles and values into every settlement, hitherto closed to the outside world. The modern developments fostered the emergence of a formal capital intensive economic sector characterized by regulated entry to the various economic activities, reliance on imported resources (commodities, labor, technology) corporate organization, large-scale operation. Indeed, the government underwriting of local settlements' economies did transform the national network of settlements, changing it from a patchwork of small villages thriving on agriculture and fishing into a national complex of urban centers and settlements largely dependent on government aid.
Page 1:
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscrip
Page 5 and 6:
Urbanization, Urban Policy and City
Page 7 and 8:
In presenting this dissertation in
Page 9 and 10:
state in contemporary urban develop
Page 11 and 12:
IV. Two Decades of Turmoil (1953-19
Page 13 and 14:
CHAPTER VIII State-led Urbanization
Page 15 and 16:
LIST OF FIGURES Number Page 1.1 Map
Page 17 and 18:
CHAPTER I URBANIZATION, URBAN POLIC
Page 19 and 20:
3 the same time, industrialization'
Page 21 and 22:
5 macro-social change. He states th
Page 23 and 24:
7 In addition to this form of livin
Page 25 and 26:
9 In most cases, even physical plan
Page 27 and 28:
11 V. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND STRU
Page 29 and 30:
13 overview of the economic and pol
Page 31 and 32:
15 research findings: an evaluation
Page 33 and 34:
17 15 Quoted by C. G. Pickvance, "C
Page 35 and 36:
19 resulted in problematic urbaniza
Page 37 and 38:
21 Prophet taught that the Biblical
Page 39 and 40:
23 and/or transformed already exist
Page 41 and 42:
25 differentiation between the town
Page 43 and 44:
Those who fled Makkah with the Prop
Page 45 and 46:
29 left unbuilt for the use of vari
Page 47 and 48:
31 The origin of the schools of tho
Page 49 and 50:
33 3. THE CIRCULATION SPACE. The de
Page 51 and 52:
35 duties including the supervision
Page 53 and 54:
37 contrasted qualities, between th
Page 55 and 56:
39 found intimate, lasting bonds of
Page 57 and 58:
41 checkered early history of eclec
Page 59 and 60:
43 IV. CRITIQUE OF THE MODEL Accord
Page 61 and 62:
45 however contributed decisively t
Page 63 and 64:
47 So, Islam's perception of dunia
Page 65 and 66:
49 guild, all regulated in the ligh
Page 67 and 68:
51 Prophet. By doing so , a person
Page 69 and 70:
53 Kenneth Brown (1986b), 77. M. Bo
Page 71 and 72:
CHAPTER HI FORCES OF CHANGE IN SAUD
Page 73 and 74:
attentions from the local level to
Page 75 and 76:
59 written document spelling out it
Page 77 and 78:
61 was espoused to create outlets f
Page 79 and 80:
63 states, Abdul-Aziz mustered his
Page 81 and 82:
65 his extended family's living dep
Page 83 and 84:
67 The decline was also partly caus
Page 85 and 86:
69 toward a polyarchy of tribes lur
Page 87 and 88:
71 Table 3.1 Oil Production and Rev
Page 89 and 90:
73 With the shift from traditional,
Page 91 and 92:
75 which gave the United States acc
Page 93 and 94:
77 primary and secondary schools, i
Page 95 and 96:
79 the urgent need to shift gears t
Page 97 and 98:
81 This intermittent process of sed
Page 99 and 100:
83 petitioning of the central gover
Page 101 and 102:
85 leaps toward modernity. And inst
Page 103 and 104:
87 of surplus population in urban c
Page 105 and 106:
89 the premise that Ml benefits of
Page 107 and 108:
91 imports of raw materials and mac
Page 109 and 110:
93 oil exports and infrastructural
Page 111 and 112:
95 determined by social status. The
Page 113 and 114:
97 self-employed peasant earned a m
Page 115 and 116:
99 small-arms and ammunitions facto
Page 117 and 118:
101 TABLE 3.5 Top Cities with Popul
Page 119 and 120:
103 SUMMARY In what seemed at the b
Page 121 and 122:
105 financial support, complaints,
Page 123 and 124:
107 Abdul-Rahman H. Al-Said, "The T
Page 125 and 126:
109 64 N.C. Grill, "Urbanization In
Page 127 and 128:
Ill My discussion starts with a his
Page 129 and 130:
113 the modern state, advocating th
Page 131 and 132:
115 more importance on "means" and
Page 133 and 134:
117 states "A more important proble
Page 135 and 136:
119 planning toward expertise and t
Page 137 and 138:
121 With oil income available to th
Page 139 and 140:
123 in. SAUDI GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
Page 141 and 142:
125 sites. The King, who was advise
Page 143 and 144:
127 municipalities, 43 village clus
Page 145 and 146:
129 bustling plexus/center of immen
Page 147 and 148:
131 services, for the new annexes o
Page 149 and 150:
133 compensations plus a thirty per
Page 151 and 152:
135 settlements, nomads and expatri
Page 153 and 154:
137 the royal family, old-fashioned
Page 155 and 156:
139 The five-year plan comprises (1
Page 157 and 158:
141 to sort urban activities into d
Page 159 and 160:
143 Yanbu occupies public land of 8
Page 161 and 162:
145 land uses backed with detailed
Page 163 and 164:
147 imported models, chiefly Wester
Page 165 and 166:
149 15 Self (1985), 877. 16 Ibid. L
Page 167 and 168:
151 big multi-story apartment build
Page 169 and 170:
CHAPTER V MAJOR TRADITIONAL URBAN A
Page 171 and 172:
155 A. Semi-Local Autonomy and Gove
Page 173 and 174:
157 development, no master plans, a
Page 175 and 176:
159 charities, waqf. For instance,
Page 177 and 178:
161 faced with increasing world dem
Page 179 and 180:
163 Notes to Chapter V 1 Six major
Page 181 and 182:
165 The relationship between neighb
Page 183 and 184:
CHAPTER VI RIYADH: FROM WALLED TOWN
Page 185 and 186:
169 iMusmak Built Area '-'r.identir
Page 187 and 188:
171 and saucepans, wooden chests of
Page 189 and 190:
173 town inhabited mostly by the un
Page 191 and 192:
175 Muslim center, when compared to
Page 193 and 194:
177 In the oases and towns, propert
Page 195 and 196:
179 tribal chiefs and influential t
Page 197 and 198:
181 improved economy and its increa
Page 199 and 200:
183 into a nuclei of the Matar subu
Page 201 and 202:
185 as practiced by Amanat Ar-Riyad
Page 203 and 204:
187 [AOH \*-\K il 1975 Figure 6.5 R
Page 205 and 206:
189 land, reflected the Saudi econo
Page 207 and 208:
191 notion, that is, the realizatio
Page 209 and 210:
193 It I j i 1 i 1 i Bv gy- - 1 ili
Page 211 and 212:
195 household itself. Wealthy peopl
Page 213 and 214:
197 communities. Aramco introduced
Page 215 and 216:
199 heritage in an era of technolog
Page 217 and 218:
Figure 6.10 Riyadh: King Saud's roy
Page 219 and 220:
203 LOCALITY PLAN V Figure 6.12 Al-
Page 221 and 222:
205 leading to the airport. In cont
Page 223 and 224:
207 on the urban scene. His reforms
Page 225 and 226:
Table 6.1 Number of Permits (Constr
Page 227 and 228:
Municipally population (1940s) Tabl
Page 229 and 230:
213 expanding cities. Master city p
Page 231 and 232:
215 Commerce. Busincu tad Ciric |QQ
Page 233 and 234:
217 attention to economic determina
Page 235 and 236:
219 zr/M Khjzian J T.\. Street Figu
Page 237 and 238:
221 urban growth consumed most of t
Page 239 and 240:
223 government spending fueled city
Page 241 and 242:
225 paying consideration to the cen
Page 243 and 244:
227 bring more customers to the dow
Page 245 and 246:
229 While the foci of capitalist wo
Page 247 and 248:
231 mollifying and complementing th
Page 249 and 250:
233 The modern urban form possesses
Page 251 and 252:
235 developed land use. Another 13
Page 253 and 254:
237 in 1950, and the transfer of th
Page 255 and 256:
239 Table 6.5 Riyadh's Land Uses an
Page 257 and 258:
241 expertise impeded the implement
Page 259 and 260:
243 16 Adeeb Faris. Ar Riyadh: Wath
Page 261 and 262:
245 36 H. St J. B. Philby, "Riyadh:
Page 263 and 264:
247 59 K. Brown. Middle Eastern Cit
Page 265 and 266:
249 (valleys), Arar and Badanah, wh
Page 267 and 268:
251 The unprecedented venture of bu
Page 269 and 270:
253 Between 1973 and 1986 Arar witn
Page 271 and 272:
255 even shrank considerably follow
Page 273 and 274:
257 JL IgUi v / • Arar's layout d
Page 275 and 276:
259 Doxiadis Plan, (5) militarizati
Page 277 and 278:
261 Aththouqbah, the Tapline compan
Page 279 and 280:
263 processing and assembly, etc.)
Page 281 and 282:
265 rising oil revenues. 25 During
Page 283 and 284:
267 In 1976, the government authori
Page 285 and 286:
269 rv^ Figure 7.5 King Abdul-Aziz
Page 287 and 288:
271 I— _r
Page 289 and 290:
273 ; 'i'% Residential Area rV s3\^
Page 291 and 292:
275 j "Hf \\\X j»Lfc AR'AR FINAl M
Page 293 and 294:
277 them to seek better and larger
Page 295 and 296:
279 mosques and the like. The numbe
Page 297 and 298:
281 construction permits issued by
Page 299 and 300:
283 Figure 7.11 The Urban Domain fo
Page 301 and 302: 285 built environment, all consiste
Page 303 and 304: 287 Notes to Chapter VII 1 Helmut M
Page 305 and 306: 289 free of charge. If such person
Page 307 and 308: 291 47 A1 Hathloul and Amroush (198
Page 309 and 310: 293 (inevitably calling for the imp
Page 311 and 312: 295 Ashsha'eeb's topography helped
Page 313 and 314: 297 impact of these series of battl
Page 315 and 316: 299 The historical development of H
Page 317 and 318: 301 Mohammad (1803-14) the grandson
Page 319 and 320: 303 rectangular forms. In 1965-66 t
Page 321 and 322: 305 The built form of present Hurai
Page 323 and 324: 307 dilapidated, mud houses had bec
Page 325 and 326: 309 fr-xttxw^XvSNsvXvWx^ww&i-xyrX ,
Page 327 and 328: 311 responsible for issuing buildin
Page 329 and 330: 313 urban growth and management mus
Page 331 and 332: 315 Figure 8.11 Starting during the
Page 333 and 334: 317 to virtually all those who appl
Page 335 and 336: 319 lid t)3acs • 1 11 iffrhj =3 a
Page 337 and 338: 321 Huraimla. 22 Between 1970 and 1
Page 339 and 340: 323 In Huraimla, to encourage and e
Page 341 and 342: 325 compared to the traditional bui
Page 343 and 344: 327 Notes to Chapter VIII 1 H. St.
Page 345 and 346: 329 21 For example, the estate al A
Page 347 and 348: 331 polarization of power under the
Page 349 and 350: 333 development. This requires the
Page 351: 335 residential suburbs, megalomani
Page 355 and 356: 339 Whilst steps toward integrated
Page 357 and 358: 341 such a dynamism to suburban gro
Page 359 and 360: 343 HI. ENVISIONING THE PLURALISTIC
Page 361 and 362: 345 government, a greater flexibili
Page 363 and 364: 347 Notes to Chapter IX 1 The abili
Page 365 and 366: BIBLIOGRAPHY Abdulaal, Walead. "Imp
Page 367 and 368: 351 A1 Rashid, Ibrahim. Documents o
Page 369 and 370: 353 Bligh, Alexander. "The Saudi Re
Page 371 and 372: 355 Doxiadis Associates. Northern R
Page 373 and 374: 357 "Governmental Services and Inte
Page 375 and 376: 359 Huntington, Samuel P. Political
Page 377 and 378: 361 Ministry of Communications. Hig
Page 379 and 380: 363 Morris, A.E.J. History of Urban
Page 381 and 382: 365 Salamah, Gasssan. "Saudi Arabia
Page 383 and 384: 367 Wilber, C. and K. Jameson. "Par
show all

Dissertation_Dr Faisal Almubarak

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?