Dissertation_Dr Faisal Almubarak

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240 per annum. If the airport, which lies within the City's land use, is to be added to the City's developed area of 477 square kilometers, the government land use will increase to 68 per cent of total area (Figure 6.19-1). SUMMARY Dramatic political developments since the turn of the century established Riyadh as the political capital of the new nation-state. Under King Abdul-Aziz, the new nation-state ushered in a new era of political stability and security which induced a modest urbanization process to major urban centers. The discovery of oil in the late 1930s added strength to King Abdul-Aziz's government, and the increasing world demand for oil following World War II heralded prosperity. Riyadh, the seat of the nascent state, benefited substantially, thanks to the increases in oil royalties which enabled King Abdul-Aziz to bring about economic changes that attracted more residents to the city. With more oil income, King Saud turned to the modernization of the city. During the 1950s, Riyadh' population growth was unprecedented (from 39,000 in 1950 to 126,000 by 1960) when King Saud decided to move the ministries to Riyadh. The construction of large-scale, physical development of al-Al-Malaz ("New Riyadh") and the royal suburb, Annasiriyah, indicated the departure from prevailing architecture and urban planning norms and heralded a new period of direct role of the central state in urban development. During the 1960s, King Faisal placed less emphasis on physical development, especially in the capital, shifting focus to the modernization of the central bureaucracy, improving national defense capabilities and other infrastructural reforms (e.g. transportation) which aimed at boosting the country's economic development. The improvements in national road system, which also benefited villages, towns and cities' populations, placed Riyadh at the hub of the new road transportation network. In the filed of physical planning, Faisal's reforms culminated in the shift from piecemeal land subdivisions to comprehensive city master plans, starting with Riyadh. In order to harness negative outcomes of rapid urban growth, the government relied on European planning expertise to devise long-range plans to guide city's growth. The economic boom of the 1970s resulted in an unprecedented government urban development programs, coupled with population growth, hindered the Doxiadis' projections obsolete. The distribution of land to numerous owners and lack of a central planning agency with sufficient powers and
241 expertise impeded the implementation of most of SECT'S proposals. Ostensibly, subsequent growth followed individual land subdivisions by land owners and construction of mega-projects by the government. The resulting urban form is a Westernized, modernized and sanitized metropolis marked with half-built sprawl. The modern urban form is also characterized with rigidness that is blind to local cultural needs and environmental realities. Economically, the new urban form is inefficient for allocation of enormous oil funds predicated more on sociopolitical criteria than economic efficiency. Two overriding characteristics marked the central government's interest in urban planning: paternalism and quest for order in the built environment.
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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscrip
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Urbanization, Urban Policy and City
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In presenting this dissertation in
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state in contemporary urban develop
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IV. Two Decades of Turmoil (1953-19
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CHAPTER VIII State-led Urbanization
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LIST OF FIGURES Number Page 1.1 Map
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CHAPTER I URBANIZATION, URBAN POLIC
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3 the same time, industrialization'
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5 macro-social change. He states th
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7 In addition to this form of livin
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9 In most cases, even physical plan
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11 V. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND STRU
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13 overview of the economic and pol
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15 research findings: an evaluation
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17 15 Quoted by C. G. Pickvance, "C
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19 resulted in problematic urbaniza
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21 Prophet taught that the Biblical
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23 and/or transformed already exist
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25 differentiation between the town
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Those who fled Makkah with the Prop
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29 left unbuilt for the use of vari
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31 The origin of the schools of tho
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33 3. THE CIRCULATION SPACE. The de
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35 duties including the supervision
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37 contrasted qualities, between th
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39 found intimate, lasting bonds of
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41 checkered early history of eclec
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43 IV. CRITIQUE OF THE MODEL Accord
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45 however contributed decisively t
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47 So, Islam's perception of dunia
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49 guild, all regulated in the ligh
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51 Prophet. By doing so , a person
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53 Kenneth Brown (1986b), 77. M. Bo
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CHAPTER HI FORCES OF CHANGE IN SAUD
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attentions from the local level to
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59 written document spelling out it
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61 was espoused to create outlets f
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63 states, Abdul-Aziz mustered his
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65 his extended family's living dep
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67 The decline was also partly caus
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69 toward a polyarchy of tribes lur
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71 Table 3.1 Oil Production and Rev
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73 With the shift from traditional,
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75 which gave the United States acc
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77 primary and secondary schools, i
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79 the urgent need to shift gears t
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81 This intermittent process of sed
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83 petitioning of the central gover
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85 leaps toward modernity. And inst
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87 of surplus population in urban c
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89 the premise that Ml benefits of
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91 imports of raw materials and mac
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93 oil exports and infrastructural
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95 determined by social status. The
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97 self-employed peasant earned a m
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99 small-arms and ammunitions facto
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101 TABLE 3.5 Top Cities with Popul
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103 SUMMARY In what seemed at the b
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105 financial support, complaints,
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107 Abdul-Rahman H. Al-Said, "The T
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109 64 N.C. Grill, "Urbanization In
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Ill My discussion starts with a his
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113 the modern state, advocating th
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115 more importance on "means" and
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117 states "A more important proble
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119 planning toward expertise and t
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121 With oil income available to th
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123 in. SAUDI GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
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125 sites. The King, who was advise
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127 municipalities, 43 village clus
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129 bustling plexus/center of immen
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131 services, for the new annexes o
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133 compensations plus a thirty per
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135 settlements, nomads and expatri
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137 the royal family, old-fashioned
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139 The five-year plan comprises (1
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141 to sort urban activities into d
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143 Yanbu occupies public land of 8
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145 land uses backed with detailed
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147 imported models, chiefly Wester
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149 15 Self (1985), 877. 16 Ibid. L
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151 big multi-story apartment build
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CHAPTER V MAJOR TRADITIONAL URBAN A
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155 A. Semi-Local Autonomy and Gove
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157 development, no master plans, a
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159 charities, waqf. For instance,
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161 faced with increasing world dem
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163 Notes to Chapter V 1 Six major
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165 The relationship between neighb
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CHAPTER VI RIYADH: FROM WALLED TOWN
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169 iMusmak Built Area '-'r.identir
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171 and saucepans, wooden chests of
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173 town inhabited mostly by the un
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175 Muslim center, when compared to
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177 In the oases and towns, propert
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179 tribal chiefs and influential t
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181 improved economy and its increa
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183 into a nuclei of the Matar subu
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185 as practiced by Amanat Ar-Riyad
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187 [AOH \*-\K il 1975 Figure 6.5 R
Page 205 and 206: 189 land, reflected the Saudi econo
Page 207 and 208: 191 notion, that is, the realizatio
Page 209 and 210: 193 It I j i 1 i 1 i Bv gy- - 1 ili
Page 211 and 212: 195 household itself. Wealthy peopl
Page 213 and 214: 197 communities. Aramco introduced
Page 215 and 216: 199 heritage in an era of technolog
Page 217 and 218: Figure 6.10 Riyadh: King Saud's roy
Page 219 and 220: 203 LOCALITY PLAN V Figure 6.12 Al-
Page 221 and 222: 205 leading to the airport. In cont
Page 223 and 224: 207 on the urban scene. His reforms
Page 225 and 226: Table 6.1 Number of Permits (Constr
Page 227 and 228: Municipally population (1940s) Tabl
Page 229 and 230: 213 expanding cities. Master city p
Page 231 and 232: 215 Commerce. Busincu tad Ciric |QQ
Page 233 and 234: 217 attention to economic determina
Page 235 and 236: 219 zr/M Khjzian J T.\. Street Figu
Page 237 and 238: 221 urban growth consumed most of t
Page 239 and 240: 223 government spending fueled city
Page 241 and 242: 225 paying consideration to the cen
Page 243 and 244: 227 bring more customers to the dow
Page 245 and 246: 229 While the foci of capitalist wo
Page 247 and 248: 231 mollifying and complementing th
Page 249 and 250: 233 The modern urban form possesses
Page 251 and 252: 235 developed land use. Another 13
Page 253 and 254: 237 in 1950, and the transfer of th
Page 255: 239 Table 6.5 Riyadh's Land Uses an
Page 259 and 260: 243 16 Adeeb Faris. Ar Riyadh: Wath
Page 261 and 262: 245 36 H. St J. B. Philby, "Riyadh:
Page 263 and 264: 247 59 K. Brown. Middle Eastern Cit
Page 265 and 266: 249 (valleys), Arar and Badanah, wh
Page 267 and 268: 251 The unprecedented venture of bu
Page 269 and 270: 253 Between 1973 and 1986 Arar witn
Page 271 and 272: 255 even shrank considerably follow
Page 273 and 274: 257 JL IgUi v / • Arar's layout d
Page 275 and 276: 259 Doxiadis Plan, (5) militarizati
Page 277 and 278: 261 Aththouqbah, the Tapline compan
Page 279 and 280: 263 processing and assembly, etc.)
Page 281 and 282: 265 rising oil revenues. 25 During
Page 283 and 284: 267 In 1976, the government authori
Page 285 and 286: 269 rv^ Figure 7.5 King Abdul-Aziz
Page 287 and 288: 271 I— _r
Page 289 and 290: 273 ; 'i'% Residential Area rV s3\^
Page 291 and 292: 275 j "Hf \\\X j»Lfc AR'AR FINAl M
Page 293 and 294: 277 them to seek better and larger
Page 295 and 296: 279 mosques and the like. The numbe
Page 297 and 298: 281 construction permits issued by
Page 299 and 300: 283 Figure 7.11 The Urban Domain fo
Page 301 and 302: 285 built environment, all consiste
Page 303 and 304: 287 Notes to Chapter VII 1 Helmut M
Page 305 and 306: 289 free of charge. If such person
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291 47 A1 Hathloul and Amroush (198
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293 (inevitably calling for the imp
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295 Ashsha'eeb's topography helped
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297 impact of these series of battl
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299 The historical development of H
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301 Mohammad (1803-14) the grandson
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303 rectangular forms. In 1965-66 t
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305 The built form of present Hurai
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307 dilapidated, mud houses had bec
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309 fr-xttxw^XvSNsvXvWx^ww&i-xyrX ,
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311 responsible for issuing buildin
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313 urban growth and management mus
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315 Figure 8.11 Starting during the
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317 to virtually all those who appl
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319 lid t)3acs • 1 11 iffrhj =3 a
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321 Huraimla. 22 Between 1970 and 1
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323 In Huraimla, to encourage and e
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325 compared to the traditional bui
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327 Notes to Chapter VIII 1 H. St.
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329 21 For example, the estate al A
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331 polarization of power under the
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333 development. This requires the
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335 residential suburbs, megalomani
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337 branches of the central governm
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339 Whilst steps toward integrated
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341 such a dynamism to suburban gro
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343 HI. ENVISIONING THE PLURALISTIC
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345 government, a greater flexibili
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347 Notes to Chapter IX 1 The abili
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Abdulaal, Walead. "Imp
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351 A1 Rashid, Ibrahim. Documents o
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353 Bligh, Alexander. "The Saudi Re
Page 371 and 372:
355 Doxiadis Associates. Northern R
Page 373 and 374:
357 "Governmental Services and Inte
Page 375 and 376:
359 Huntington, Samuel P. Political
Page 377 and 378:
361 Ministry of Communications. Hig
Page 379 and 380:
363 Morris, A.E.J. History of Urban
Page 381 and 382:
365 Salamah, Gasssan. "Saudi Arabia
Page 383 and 384:
367 Wilber, C. and K. Jameson. "Par
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