Dissertation_Dr Faisal Almubarak

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According to Clifford Geertz. In Bryan Roberts, Cities of Peasants: The Political Economy of
Urbanization in Third World Countries (Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE Publications, 1984), 110.
King Abdul-Aziz abolished pilgrim dues charged to Muslim pilgrims one year before his death in
1953. Pilgrimage dues accounted for $30 million a year.
U.S. Government Publications, Foreign Relations of the United States (1974) pp. 734-36, cited in
Michael G. Nehme, Saudi Arabia: Political Implications of the Development Plans. Unpublished
Dissertation, Graduate Program in Political Science (New Jersey: Rutgers University, 1983), quoting
President Roosevelt, 48.
Ministry of Transportation. Roads of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in Pictures, p. 1. In 1953 there
were only 239 kilometers of paved roads. In 1962, the number reached 3,245 km, and in 1979, the
asphalt roads length reached 20,134 km. By 1990,32,000 kilometers of asphalt roads were
constructed and 66,600 km of dirt roads were surfaced connecting distant small agricultural and
nomads' settlements. Source: Ministry of Planning. Fifth Development Plan. Ali Johany, "The •
Saudi Economy: Yesterday's Performance and Tomorrow's Prospects." In Saudi Arabia: Energy,
Developmental Planning and Industrialization, edited by R. El Mallakh and D. H. El Mallakh
(Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1982): 1-14. For the figure on the number of cars in 1933, see
Captain C.C. Lewis, "Ibn Saud and The Future of Arabia," International Affairs (July, 1933): 518-
534.
Michael Field, "Saudi Arabia: The Eastern Province Before Oil." Middle East International 86
(August 1978), 29.
Elizabeth Monroe (1980), op. cit., 274.
David Howrath. The Desert King (London: Quarter Books, 1980),170.
H. St. J. B. Philby, "Riyadh: Ancient and Modern," The Middle East Journal 2 (Spring, 1959), 140.
Howrath, 198.
Faraj F. Al-Mawled, "Political Geography of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia," Saudi Studies
(Riyadh: Diplomatic Studies Institute, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1986). 'In Arabic.
George Lenczowski, "Tradition and Reform in Saudi Arabia," Current History (February, 1967), 99.
Ibid, 100.
Ibid, 101.
Samuel Huntington (1968), 168.
See Motoko Datakura's Bedouin Village. (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1977) and Donald P.
Colse's Nomads of the Nomads (Arlington Heights, HI: AHM Publishing, 1975).