Dissertation_Dr Faisal Almubarak

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252 BUSTIC MAP OF &AUOI ARABIA Figure 7.1 , J . A Map of Sauid Arabia showing major cities and towns, including Arar. Source: Doxiadis, Arar, Present Conditions (1975).
253 Between 1973 and 1986 Arar witnessed an increase in its population at the average growth rate of 24 percent, a growth which, by 1987, gave Arar a population of 65,000. During the same period Turaif s population reached 20,000 while Rafha attained 17,000, both increased at an annual rate of 7.3 percent and 13.9 percent respectively. Such growth rates reflected the acute urbanization process associated with economic and administrative sector development brought by oil industrialization and the growing influence and affluence of the central government. Especially during its early years of formation, the transport of oil was the raison de etre for Arar's existence. Yet, oil served only as the kickoff for Arar's subsequent development the ground up. Oil-related activity has set in motion an urbanization process that continued even with the suspension of most of the oil transported through the Tapline following the eruption of the civil war in Lebanon in the mid 1970s. Arar was to pick up on its own, relying on government employment and business generated by the residents' demand and traffic of the Tapline highway connecting the Arabian Gulf with the Mediterranean shores. For example, by 1973, Arar witnessed daily traffic of 136 trucks, 1,289 small cars, 35 buses and 191 taxis. 6 In addition, the Tapline towns were equipped with airfields which strengthened the new towns with national urban centers. During the 1970s, a new airport was constructed serving approximately 70 flights per week. Politically, Arar's subsequent development could only be understood in light of the Kingdom's socio-political environment, in general, and the city's administrative and borderline role in the regional geopolitics, in particular. Arar's industrial complex is situated in the middle an unsettled region in the north part of the Kingdom abutting Jordan and Iraq. The need to assure Saudi sovereignty over this desolate area called for extra attention by the central authorities to settle the barren area. Although the genesis and early growth of the Tapline's towns reposed on the economic principles of oil marketing, later urban development must be credited to the national government's interest in enhancing urban centers in the desolate northern region for several factors, one of which was the central government's concern for national security and sovereignty. III. ECONOMIC GROWTH AND EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURE During the 1950s and early 1960s, Arar's growth continued as the town attracted more inhabitants, a reflection of the urbanization process throughout the nation, thanks to
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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscrip
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Urbanization, Urban Policy and City
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In presenting this dissertation in
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state in contemporary urban develop
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IV. Two Decades of Turmoil (1953-19
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CHAPTER VIII State-led Urbanization
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LIST OF FIGURES Number Page 1.1 Map
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CHAPTER I URBANIZATION, URBAN POLIC
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3 the same time, industrialization'
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5 macro-social change. He states th
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7 In addition to this form of livin
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9 In most cases, even physical plan
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11 V. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND STRU
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13 overview of the economic and pol
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15 research findings: an evaluation
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17 15 Quoted by C. G. Pickvance, "C
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19 resulted in problematic urbaniza
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21 Prophet taught that the Biblical
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23 and/or transformed already exist
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25 differentiation between the town
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Those who fled Makkah with the Prop
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29 left unbuilt for the use of vari
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31 The origin of the schools of tho
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33 3. THE CIRCULATION SPACE. The de
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35 duties including the supervision
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37 contrasted qualities, between th
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39 found intimate, lasting bonds of
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41 checkered early history of eclec
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43 IV. CRITIQUE OF THE MODEL Accord
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45 however contributed decisively t
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47 So, Islam's perception of dunia
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49 guild, all regulated in the ligh
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51 Prophet. By doing so , a person
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53 Kenneth Brown (1986b), 77. M. Bo
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CHAPTER HI FORCES OF CHANGE IN SAUD
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attentions from the local level to
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59 written document spelling out it
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61 was espoused to create outlets f
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63 states, Abdul-Aziz mustered his
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65 his extended family's living dep
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67 The decline was also partly caus
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69 toward a polyarchy of tribes lur
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71 Table 3.1 Oil Production and Rev
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73 With the shift from traditional,
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75 which gave the United States acc
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77 primary and secondary schools, i
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79 the urgent need to shift gears t
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81 This intermittent process of sed
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83 petitioning of the central gover
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85 leaps toward modernity. And inst
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87 of surplus population in urban c
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89 the premise that Ml benefits of
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91 imports of raw materials and mac
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93 oil exports and infrastructural
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95 determined by social status. The
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97 self-employed peasant earned a m
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99 small-arms and ammunitions facto
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101 TABLE 3.5 Top Cities with Popul
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103 SUMMARY In what seemed at the b
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105 financial support, complaints,
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107 Abdul-Rahman H. Al-Said, "The T
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109 64 N.C. Grill, "Urbanization In
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Ill My discussion starts with a his
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113 the modern state, advocating th
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115 more importance on "means" and
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117 states "A more important proble
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119 planning toward expertise and t
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121 With oil income available to th
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123 in. SAUDI GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
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125 sites. The King, who was advise
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127 municipalities, 43 village clus
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129 bustling plexus/center of immen
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131 services, for the new annexes o
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133 compensations plus a thirty per
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135 settlements, nomads and expatri
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137 the royal family, old-fashioned
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139 The five-year plan comprises (1
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141 to sort urban activities into d
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143 Yanbu occupies public land of 8
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145 land uses backed with detailed
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147 imported models, chiefly Wester
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149 15 Self (1985), 877. 16 Ibid. L
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151 big multi-story apartment build
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CHAPTER V MAJOR TRADITIONAL URBAN A
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155 A. Semi-Local Autonomy and Gove
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157 development, no master plans, a
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159 charities, waqf. For instance,
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161 faced with increasing world dem
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163 Notes to Chapter V 1 Six major
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165 The relationship between neighb
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CHAPTER VI RIYADH: FROM WALLED TOWN
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169 iMusmak Built Area '-'r.identir
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171 and saucepans, wooden chests of
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173 town inhabited mostly by the un
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175 Muslim center, when compared to
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177 In the oases and towns, propert
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179 tribal chiefs and influential t
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181 improved economy and its increa
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183 into a nuclei of the Matar subu
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185 as practiced by Amanat Ar-Riyad
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187 [AOH \*-\K il 1975 Figure 6.5 R
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189 land, reflected the Saudi econo
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191 notion, that is, the realizatio
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193 It I j i 1 i 1 i Bv gy- - 1 ili
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195 household itself. Wealthy peopl
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197 communities. Aramco introduced
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199 heritage in an era of technolog
Page 217 and 218: Figure 6.10 Riyadh: King Saud's roy
Page 219 and 220: 203 LOCALITY PLAN V Figure 6.12 Al-
Page 221 and 222: 205 leading to the airport. In cont
Page 223 and 224: 207 on the urban scene. His reforms
Page 225 and 226: Table 6.1 Number of Permits (Constr
Page 227 and 228: Municipally population (1940s) Tabl
Page 229 and 230: 213 expanding cities. Master city p
Page 231 and 232: 215 Commerce. Busincu tad Ciric |QQ
Page 233 and 234: 217 attention to economic determina
Page 235 and 236: 219 zr/M Khjzian J T.\. Street Figu
Page 237 and 238: 221 urban growth consumed most of t
Page 239 and 240: 223 government spending fueled city
Page 241 and 242: 225 paying consideration to the cen
Page 243 and 244: 227 bring more customers to the dow
Page 245 and 246: 229 While the foci of capitalist wo
Page 247 and 248: 231 mollifying and complementing th
Page 249 and 250: 233 The modern urban form possesses
Page 251 and 252: 235 developed land use. Another 13
Page 253 and 254: 237 in 1950, and the transfer of th
Page 255 and 256: 239 Table 6.5 Riyadh's Land Uses an
Page 257 and 258: 241 expertise impeded the implement
Page 259 and 260: 243 16 Adeeb Faris. Ar Riyadh: Wath
Page 261 and 262: 245 36 H. St J. B. Philby, "Riyadh:
Page 263 and 264: 247 59 K. Brown. Middle Eastern Cit
Page 265 and 266: 249 (valleys), Arar and Badanah, wh
Page 267: 251 The unprecedented venture of bu
Page 271 and 272: 255 even shrank considerably follow
Page 273 and 274: 257 JL IgUi v / • Arar's layout d
Page 275 and 276: 259 Doxiadis Plan, (5) militarizati
Page 277 and 278: 261 Aththouqbah, the Tapline compan
Page 279 and 280: 263 processing and assembly, etc.)
Page 281 and 282: 265 rising oil revenues. 25 During
Page 283 and 284: 267 In 1976, the government authori
Page 285 and 286: 269 rv^ Figure 7.5 King Abdul-Aziz
Page 287 and 288: 271 I— _r
Page 289 and 290: 273 ; 'i'% Residential Area rV s3\^
Page 291 and 292: 275 j "Hf \\\X j»Lfc AR'AR FINAl M
Page 293 and 294: 277 them to seek better and larger
Page 295 and 296: 279 mosques and the like. The numbe
Page 297 and 298: 281 construction permits issued by
Page 299 and 300: 283 Figure 7.11 The Urban Domain fo
Page 301 and 302: 285 built environment, all consiste
Page 303 and 304: 287 Notes to Chapter VII 1 Helmut M
Page 305 and 306: 289 free of charge. If such person
Page 307 and 308: 291 47 A1 Hathloul and Amroush (198
Page 309 and 310: 293 (inevitably calling for the imp
Page 311 and 312: 295 Ashsha'eeb's topography helped
Page 313 and 314: 297 impact of these series of battl
Page 315 and 316: 299 The historical development of H
Page 317 and 318: 301 Mohammad (1803-14) the grandson
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303 rectangular forms. In 1965-66 t
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305 The built form of present Hurai
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307 dilapidated, mud houses had bec
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309 fr-xttxw^XvSNsvXvWx^ww&i-xyrX ,
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311 responsible for issuing buildin
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313 urban growth and management mus
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315 Figure 8.11 Starting during the
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317 to virtually all those who appl
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319 lid t)3acs • 1 11 iffrhj =3 a
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321 Huraimla. 22 Between 1970 and 1
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323 In Huraimla, to encourage and e
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325 compared to the traditional bui
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327 Notes to Chapter VIII 1 H. St.
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329 21 For example, the estate al A
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331 polarization of power under the
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333 development. This requires the
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335 residential suburbs, megalomani
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337 branches of the central governm
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339 Whilst steps toward integrated
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341 such a dynamism to suburban gro
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343 HI. ENVISIONING THE PLURALISTIC
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345 government, a greater flexibili
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347 Notes to Chapter IX 1 The abili
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Abdulaal, Walead. "Imp
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351 A1 Rashid, Ibrahim. Documents o
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353 Bligh, Alexander. "The Saudi Re
Page 371 and 372:
355 Doxiadis Associates. Northern R
Page 373 and 374:
357 "Governmental Services and Inte
Page 375 and 376:
359 Huntington, Samuel P. Political
Page 377 and 378:
361 Ministry of Communications. Hig
Page 379 and 380:
363 Morris, A.E.J. History of Urban
Page 381 and 382:
365 Salamah, Gasssan. "Saudi Arabia
Page 383 and 384:
367 Wilber, C. and K. Jameson. "Par
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