Dissertation_Dr Faisal Almubarak

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70 established in Makkah, followed by construction of another one in Riyadh in the following year. In 1932 there were 3,000 cars in the country and only 239 kilometers of surfaced roads as late as 1953. 26 Prior to the establishment of the road network, the journey between Riyadh and Makkah by an automobile would consume fifteen days on desert tracks that exhausted cars and trucks as well as petrol. It was not until 1949 that the King authorized the construction of a tarmac road from Jeddah to Madinah. A railway from the Arabian Gulf to Riyadh was built between 1947 and 1951. In the Eastern Province, the oil companies' were engaged in massive industrial plans transforming the historically pre-industrial region into a center of construction activity. Oil companies carried out significant improvements in the form of ports, pipelines, and oil company's residential and industrial complexes. New towns sprouted to house the work force engaged in the new industry. Towns such as Al-Khobar (the first city in the Kingdom ever to start from planned origins), while Ath-thoqba, and Dhahran grew from labor camps and companies' office and residential quarters. Dammam, historically a sleepy fishing town, witnessed unprecedented growth as a major commercial port. It was shortly to receive a further boost to its status when the provincial governor of Hufuf moved the seat of the eastern province government to Dammam. Michael Field noted "It was with these developments, it is generally agreed, that the modern Eastern Province business centers of Dammam, Dhahran and Khobar- which was still a collection of barasti [structures built of makeshift materials] when the first petrol station was opened there in 1946- began their development as modern cities." 27 During the early decades of the Kingdom (1932-1952) the treasury of the state was still in its rudimentary phase- the King assumed final and absolute say on its disposal. Inefficient disposal of oil revenues was widespread, for at that time the country had no banking or formal education systems and the King's advisors and other fledgling administration posts were given to Arabs from nearby nations. The King's staff was limited and lacked expertise of finance. In 1946, the King's receipts from oil revenues did not exceed $10.4 million. Five years following the end of World War n, the government's treasury received a whopping sum of $165 million. By the end of his life, Abdul-Aziz was receiving over $3 million a week. Revenues from oil continued to grow in leaps and bounds, so by 1957 they exceeded $300 million and in 1965 the national income surpassed $650 million, a fabulous figure when compared to the days of poverty (Table 3.1).
71 Table 3.1 Oil Production and Revenues, Selected Years Year Daily Production b/day Price (U.S. dollars per Annual Revenues Barrel) 1938 1.4 - 0.1 1940 13.9 - 1.2 1950 546.7 1.75 56.7 1954 961.8 1.93 236.3 1957 1,130.8 2.08 296.3 1959 1,152.7 1.90 313.1 1960 1,313.5 1.80 333.7 1964 1,896.5 1.80 523.2 1970 2,799.1 1.80 1,214.0 1971 4,768.9 1.80 1,884.9 1972 6,016.3 1.80 • 2,744.6 1973 7,596.2 2.85 4,340.0 1974 8,479.7 11.25 22,573.5 1975 7,075.4 12.4 25,675.8 1976 8,577.2 12.4 30,754.9 1977 9,199.9 13.00 36,540.1 1978 8,301.1 12.70 32,233.8 1979 9,532.6 24.00 48,435.2 1980 9,900.5 32.00 84,466.4 1981 9,808.0 34.00 101,813.0 1982 6,500.0 34.00 70,478.6 1983 5,100.0 29.00 37,351.6 1984 4,700.0 29.00 31,470.3 1985 3,100.0 28.00 18,322.9 1986 4,689.8 - 13,554.8 1987 3,991.0 - 17,489.3 1988 4,928.1 - 16,638.0 1989 4,863.5 - - 1990 - 31,122,2 Sources: Saudi Aramco, 1989; Ismail M. Duais, 1986. (Numbers are rounded to nearest decimal). Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, Research and Statistics Department, Annual Report, 1410/1411H (Riyadh: Ayyobi Printers, 1990), 190.
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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscrip
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Urbanization, Urban Policy and City
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In presenting this dissertation in
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state in contemporary urban develop
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IV. Two Decades of Turmoil (1953-19
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CHAPTER VIII State-led Urbanization
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LIST OF FIGURES Number Page 1.1 Map
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CHAPTER I URBANIZATION, URBAN POLIC
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3 the same time, industrialization'
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5 macro-social change. He states th
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7 In addition to this form of livin
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9 In most cases, even physical plan
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11 V. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND STRU
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13 overview of the economic and pol
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15 research findings: an evaluation
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17 15 Quoted by C. G. Pickvance, "C
Page 35 and 36: 19 resulted in problematic urbaniza
Page 37 and 38: 21 Prophet taught that the Biblical
Page 39 and 40: 23 and/or transformed already exist
Page 41 and 42: 25 differentiation between the town
Page 43 and 44: Those who fled Makkah with the Prop
Page 45 and 46: 29 left unbuilt for the use of vari
Page 47 and 48: 31 The origin of the schools of tho
Page 49 and 50: 33 3. THE CIRCULATION SPACE. The de
Page 51 and 52: 35 duties including the supervision
Page 53 and 54: 37 contrasted qualities, between th
Page 55 and 56: 39 found intimate, lasting bonds of
Page 57 and 58: 41 checkered early history of eclec
Page 59 and 60: 43 IV. CRITIQUE OF THE MODEL Accord
Page 61 and 62: 45 however contributed decisively t
Page 63 and 64: 47 So, Islam's perception of dunia
Page 65 and 66: 49 guild, all regulated in the ligh
Page 67 and 68: 51 Prophet. By doing so , a person
Page 69 and 70: 53 Kenneth Brown (1986b), 77. M. Bo
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER HI FORCES OF CHANGE IN SAUD
Page 73 and 74: attentions from the local level to
Page 75 and 76: 59 written document spelling out it
Page 77 and 78: 61 was espoused to create outlets f
Page 79 and 80: 63 states, Abdul-Aziz mustered his
Page 81 and 82: 65 his extended family's living dep
Page 83 and 84: 67 The decline was also partly caus
Page 85: 69 toward a polyarchy of tribes lur
Page 89 and 90: 73 With the shift from traditional,
Page 91 and 92: 75 which gave the United States acc
Page 93 and 94: 77 primary and secondary schools, i
Page 95 and 96: 79 the urgent need to shift gears t
Page 97 and 98: 81 This intermittent process of sed
Page 99 and 100: 83 petitioning of the central gover
Page 101 and 102: 85 leaps toward modernity. And inst
Page 103 and 104: 87 of surplus population in urban c
Page 105 and 106: 89 the premise that Ml benefits of
Page 107 and 108: 91 imports of raw materials and mac
Page 109 and 110: 93 oil exports and infrastructural
Page 111 and 112: 95 determined by social status. The
Page 113 and 114: 97 self-employed peasant earned a m
Page 115 and 116: 99 small-arms and ammunitions facto
Page 117 and 118: 101 TABLE 3.5 Top Cities with Popul
Page 119 and 120: 103 SUMMARY In what seemed at the b
Page 121 and 122: 105 financial support, complaints,
Page 123 and 124: 107 Abdul-Rahman H. Al-Said, "The T
Page 125 and 126: 109 64 N.C. Grill, "Urbanization In
Page 127 and 128: Ill My discussion starts with a his
Page 129 and 130: 113 the modern state, advocating th
Page 131 and 132: 115 more importance on "means" and
Page 133 and 134: 117 states "A more important proble
Page 135 and 136: 119 planning toward expertise and t
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121 With oil income available to th
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123 in. SAUDI GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
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125 sites. The King, who was advise
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127 municipalities, 43 village clus
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129 bustling plexus/center of immen
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131 services, for the new annexes o
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133 compensations plus a thirty per
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135 settlements, nomads and expatri
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137 the royal family, old-fashioned
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139 The five-year plan comprises (1
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141 to sort urban activities into d
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143 Yanbu occupies public land of 8
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145 land uses backed with detailed
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147 imported models, chiefly Wester
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149 15 Self (1985), 877. 16 Ibid. L
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151 big multi-story apartment build
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CHAPTER V MAJOR TRADITIONAL URBAN A
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155 A. Semi-Local Autonomy and Gove
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157 development, no master plans, a
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159 charities, waqf. For instance,
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161 faced with increasing world dem
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163 Notes to Chapter V 1 Six major
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165 The relationship between neighb
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CHAPTER VI RIYADH: FROM WALLED TOWN
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169 iMusmak Built Area '-'r.identir
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171 and saucepans, wooden chests of
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173 town inhabited mostly by the un
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175 Muslim center, when compared to
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177 In the oases and towns, propert
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179 tribal chiefs and influential t
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181 improved economy and its increa
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183 into a nuclei of the Matar subu
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185 as practiced by Amanat Ar-Riyad
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187 [AOH \*-\K il 1975 Figure 6.5 R
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189 land, reflected the Saudi econo
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191 notion, that is, the realizatio
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193 It I j i 1 i 1 i Bv gy- - 1 ili
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195 household itself. Wealthy peopl
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197 communities. Aramco introduced
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199 heritage in an era of technolog
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Figure 6.10 Riyadh: King Saud's roy
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203 LOCALITY PLAN V Figure 6.12 Al-
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205 leading to the airport. In cont
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207 on the urban scene. His reforms
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Table 6.1 Number of Permits (Constr
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Municipally population (1940s) Tabl
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213 expanding cities. Master city p
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215 Commerce. Busincu tad Ciric |QQ
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217 attention to economic determina
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219 zr/M Khjzian J T.\. Street Figu
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221 urban growth consumed most of t
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223 government spending fueled city
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225 paying consideration to the cen
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227 bring more customers to the dow
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229 While the foci of capitalist wo
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231 mollifying and complementing th
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233 The modern urban form possesses
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235 developed land use. Another 13
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237 in 1950, and the transfer of th
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239 Table 6.5 Riyadh's Land Uses an
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241 expertise impeded the implement
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243 16 Adeeb Faris. Ar Riyadh: Wath
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245 36 H. St J. B. Philby, "Riyadh:
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247 59 K. Brown. Middle Eastern Cit
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249 (valleys), Arar and Badanah, wh
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251 The unprecedented venture of bu
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253 Between 1973 and 1986 Arar witn
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255 even shrank considerably follow
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257 JL IgUi v / • Arar's layout d
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259 Doxiadis Plan, (5) militarizati
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261 Aththouqbah, the Tapline compan
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263 processing and assembly, etc.)
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265 rising oil revenues. 25 During
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267 In 1976, the government authori
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269 rv^ Figure 7.5 King Abdul-Aziz
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271 I— _r
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273 ; 'i'% Residential Area rV s3\^
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275 j "Hf \\\X j»Lfc AR'AR FINAl M
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277 them to seek better and larger
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279 mosques and the like. The numbe
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281 construction permits issued by
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283 Figure 7.11 The Urban Domain fo
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285 built environment, all consiste
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287 Notes to Chapter VII 1 Helmut M
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289 free of charge. If such person
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291 47 A1 Hathloul and Amroush (198
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293 (inevitably calling for the imp
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295 Ashsha'eeb's topography helped
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297 impact of these series of battl
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299 The historical development of H
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301 Mohammad (1803-14) the grandson
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303 rectangular forms. In 1965-66 t
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305 The built form of present Hurai
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307 dilapidated, mud houses had bec
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309 fr-xttxw^XvSNsvXvWx^ww&i-xyrX ,
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311 responsible for issuing buildin
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313 urban growth and management mus
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315 Figure 8.11 Starting during the
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317 to virtually all those who appl
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319 lid t)3acs • 1 11 iffrhj =3 a
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321 Huraimla. 22 Between 1970 and 1
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323 In Huraimla, to encourage and e
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325 compared to the traditional bui
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327 Notes to Chapter VIII 1 H. St.
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329 21 For example, the estate al A
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331 polarization of power under the
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333 development. This requires the
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335 residential suburbs, megalomani
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337 branches of the central governm
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339 Whilst steps toward integrated
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341 such a dynamism to suburban gro
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343 HI. ENVISIONING THE PLURALISTIC
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345 government, a greater flexibili
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347 Notes to Chapter IX 1 The abili
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Abdulaal, Walead. "Imp
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351 A1 Rashid, Ibrahim. Documents o
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353 Bligh, Alexander. "The Saudi Re
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355 Doxiadis Associates. Northern R
Page 373 and 374:
357 "Governmental Services and Inte
Page 375 and 376:
359 Huntington, Samuel P. Political
Page 377 and 378:
361 Ministry of Communications. Hig
Page 379 and 380:
363 Morris, A.E.J. History of Urban
Page 381 and 382:
365 Salamah, Gasssan. "Saudi Arabia
Page 383 and 384:
367 Wilber, C. and K. Jameson. "Par
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