Dissertation_Dr Faisal Almubarak

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218 traditional values. The "doxiadization" of Riyadh amounted to the superimposition of Westernrationalism on a traditionally based society. The problematic practice of zoning, that was conceived in the West as a tool of exclusion, was generalized to the Saudi city, a place were separating of people by class was previously unknown. Under the pressure of urbanization and economic growth, any plan was better than no plan; waiting meant anarchy. However, to some Saudi planners and government officials, the "Westernization" of the Saudi traditional built environment was deemed as synonymous with modernization and prosperity. In 1978, the Municipality contracted a new international consultant firm to help furnish a new plan for Riyadh. 2. Riyadh's Second Master Plan by SECT International The economic boom of the 1970s rendered the Doxiadis Plan, originally targeted for the year 2,000, obsolete. By the mid 1390s/1970s, land subdivisions crossed the Plan's 300 square kilometer area, many objectives in the Doxiadis Plan did not materialize as projected and the city's population quadrupled from 1968 to 1977. For example, neither the planned community hierarchy, the neighborhood centers, nor the diffusion of the congested center by the linear CBD concept has realized (e.g. the number of shops increased from 400 units to 5,400 during the same period). 46 SECT studies found that the "main problems all stem from the difficulties inherent in coordinating the initiative of the private development sector with policies directing public projects." In 1369H (1976), the Deputy Ministry for Physical Planning contracted SECT International/ SEDES (SECT), a French firm to devise a new plan for Riyadh. SECT agreed to retain the Doxiadis Master Plan "as a basis for reference and to provide an overall planning background but it will no longer be regarded as a rigid and detailed proposal" (Figure 6.14). 47 The SECT firm summarized the major problems as those resulting from a lack of implementation, insufficient information and the virtual lack of coordination between the various government departments executing large-scale projects. Many government projects were undertaken without sufficient consideration for the larger environmental ramifications such projects would require and generate, infrastructure, and community facilities such as schools, commercial centers, etc. SECT introduced a series of documents based on new data and local, growing
219 zr/M Khjzian J T.\. Street Figure 6.14 In 1977, SECT/Sedes planners essentially maintained the 1971 Doxiadis Master Plan circulation network and expanded it to meet Riyadh's future growth. SECT's planners experimented with visionary concepts for Riyadh that was far from reality. Source: Daghistani (1985).
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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscrip
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Urbanization, Urban Policy and City
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In presenting this dissertation in
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state in contemporary urban develop
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IV. Two Decades of Turmoil (1953-19
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CHAPTER VIII State-led Urbanization
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LIST OF FIGURES Number Page 1.1 Map
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CHAPTER I URBANIZATION, URBAN POLIC
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3 the same time, industrialization'
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5 macro-social change. He states th
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7 In addition to this form of livin
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9 In most cases, even physical plan
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11 V. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND STRU
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13 overview of the economic and pol
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15 research findings: an evaluation
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17 15 Quoted by C. G. Pickvance, "C
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19 resulted in problematic urbaniza
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21 Prophet taught that the Biblical
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23 and/or transformed already exist
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25 differentiation between the town
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Those who fled Makkah with the Prop
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29 left unbuilt for the use of vari
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31 The origin of the schools of tho
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33 3. THE CIRCULATION SPACE. The de
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35 duties including the supervision
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37 contrasted qualities, between th
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39 found intimate, lasting bonds of
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41 checkered early history of eclec
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43 IV. CRITIQUE OF THE MODEL Accord
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45 however contributed decisively t
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47 So, Islam's perception of dunia
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49 guild, all regulated in the ligh
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51 Prophet. By doing so , a person
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53 Kenneth Brown (1986b), 77. M. Bo
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CHAPTER HI FORCES OF CHANGE IN SAUD
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attentions from the local level to
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59 written document spelling out it
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61 was espoused to create outlets f
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63 states, Abdul-Aziz mustered his
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65 his extended family's living dep
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67 The decline was also partly caus
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69 toward a polyarchy of tribes lur
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71 Table 3.1 Oil Production and Rev
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73 With the shift from traditional,
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75 which gave the United States acc
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77 primary and secondary schools, i
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79 the urgent need to shift gears t
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81 This intermittent process of sed
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83 petitioning of the central gover
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85 leaps toward modernity. And inst
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87 of surplus population in urban c
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89 the premise that Ml benefits of
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91 imports of raw materials and mac
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93 oil exports and infrastructural
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95 determined by social status. The
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97 self-employed peasant earned a m
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99 small-arms and ammunitions facto
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101 TABLE 3.5 Top Cities with Popul
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103 SUMMARY In what seemed at the b
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105 financial support, complaints,
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107 Abdul-Rahman H. Al-Said, "The T
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109 64 N.C. Grill, "Urbanization In
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Ill My discussion starts with a his
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113 the modern state, advocating th
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115 more importance on "means" and
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117 states "A more important proble
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119 planning toward expertise and t
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121 With oil income available to th
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123 in. SAUDI GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
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125 sites. The King, who was advise
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127 municipalities, 43 village clus
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129 bustling plexus/center of immen
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131 services, for the new annexes o
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133 compensations plus a thirty per
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135 settlements, nomads and expatri
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137 the royal family, old-fashioned
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139 The five-year plan comprises (1
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141 to sort urban activities into d
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143 Yanbu occupies public land of 8
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145 land uses backed with detailed
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147 imported models, chiefly Wester
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149 15 Self (1985), 877. 16 Ibid. L
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151 big multi-story apartment build
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CHAPTER V MAJOR TRADITIONAL URBAN A
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155 A. Semi-Local Autonomy and Gove
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157 development, no master plans, a
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159 charities, waqf. For instance,
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161 faced with increasing world dem
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163 Notes to Chapter V 1 Six major
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165 The relationship between neighb
Page 183 and 184: CHAPTER VI RIYADH: FROM WALLED TOWN
Page 185 and 186: 169 iMusmak Built Area '-'r.identir
Page 187 and 188: 171 and saucepans, wooden chests of
Page 189 and 190: 173 town inhabited mostly by the un
Page 191 and 192: 175 Muslim center, when compared to
Page 193 and 194: 177 In the oases and towns, propert
Page 195 and 196: 179 tribal chiefs and influential t
Page 197 and 198: 181 improved economy and its increa
Page 199 and 200: 183 into a nuclei of the Matar subu
Page 201 and 202: 185 as practiced by Amanat Ar-Riyad
Page 203 and 204: 187 [AOH \*-\K il 1975 Figure 6.5 R
Page 205 and 206: 189 land, reflected the Saudi econo
Page 207 and 208: 191 notion, that is, the realizatio
Page 209 and 210: 193 It I j i 1 i 1 i Bv gy- - 1 ili
Page 211 and 212: 195 household itself. Wealthy peopl
Page 213 and 214: 197 communities. Aramco introduced
Page 215 and 216: 199 heritage in an era of technolog
Page 217 and 218: Figure 6.10 Riyadh: King Saud's roy
Page 219 and 220: 203 LOCALITY PLAN V Figure 6.12 Al-
Page 221 and 222: 205 leading to the airport. In cont
Page 223 and 224: 207 on the urban scene. His reforms
Page 225 and 226: Table 6.1 Number of Permits (Constr
Page 227 and 228: Municipally population (1940s) Tabl
Page 229 and 230: 213 expanding cities. Master city p
Page 231 and 232: 215 Commerce. Busincu tad Ciric |QQ
Page 233: 217 attention to economic determina
Page 237 and 238: 221 urban growth consumed most of t
Page 239 and 240: 223 government spending fueled city
Page 241 and 242: 225 paying consideration to the cen
Page 243 and 244: 227 bring more customers to the dow
Page 245 and 246: 229 While the foci of capitalist wo
Page 247 and 248: 231 mollifying and complementing th
Page 249 and 250: 233 The modern urban form possesses
Page 251 and 252: 235 developed land use. Another 13
Page 253 and 254: 237 in 1950, and the transfer of th
Page 255 and 256: 239 Table 6.5 Riyadh's Land Uses an
Page 257 and 258: 241 expertise impeded the implement
Page 259 and 260: 243 16 Adeeb Faris. Ar Riyadh: Wath
Page 261 and 262: 245 36 H. St J. B. Philby, "Riyadh:
Page 263 and 264: 247 59 K. Brown. Middle Eastern Cit
Page 265 and 266: 249 (valleys), Arar and Badanah, wh
Page 267 and 268: 251 The unprecedented venture of bu
Page 269 and 270: 253 Between 1973 and 1986 Arar witn
Page 271 and 272: 255 even shrank considerably follow
Page 273 and 274: 257 JL IgUi v / • Arar's layout d
Page 275 and 276: 259 Doxiadis Plan, (5) militarizati
Page 277 and 278: 261 Aththouqbah, the Tapline compan
Page 279 and 280: 263 processing and assembly, etc.)
Page 281 and 282: 265 rising oil revenues. 25 During
Page 283 and 284: 267 In 1976, the government authori
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269 rv^ Figure 7.5 King Abdul-Aziz
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271 I— _r
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273 ; 'i'% Residential Area rV s3\^
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275 j "Hf \\\X j»Lfc AR'AR FINAl M
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277 them to seek better and larger
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279 mosques and the like. The numbe
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281 construction permits issued by
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283 Figure 7.11 The Urban Domain fo
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285 built environment, all consiste
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287 Notes to Chapter VII 1 Helmut M
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289 free of charge. If such person
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291 47 A1 Hathloul and Amroush (198
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293 (inevitably calling for the imp
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295 Ashsha'eeb's topography helped
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297 impact of these series of battl
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299 The historical development of H
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301 Mohammad (1803-14) the grandson
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303 rectangular forms. In 1965-66 t
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305 The built form of present Hurai
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307 dilapidated, mud houses had bec
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309 fr-xttxw^XvSNsvXvWx^ww&i-xyrX ,
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311 responsible for issuing buildin
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313 urban growth and management mus
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315 Figure 8.11 Starting during the
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317 to virtually all those who appl
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319 lid t)3acs • 1 11 iffrhj =3 a
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321 Huraimla. 22 Between 1970 and 1
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323 In Huraimla, to encourage and e
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325 compared to the traditional bui
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327 Notes to Chapter VIII 1 H. St.
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329 21 For example, the estate al A
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331 polarization of power under the
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333 development. This requires the
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335 residential suburbs, megalomani
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337 branches of the central governm
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339 Whilst steps toward integrated
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341 such a dynamism to suburban gro
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343 HI. ENVISIONING THE PLURALISTIC
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345 government, a greater flexibili
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347 Notes to Chapter IX 1 The abili
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Abdulaal, Walead. "Imp
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351 A1 Rashid, Ibrahim. Documents o
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353 Bligh, Alexander. "The Saudi Re
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355 Doxiadis Associates. Northern R
Page 373 and 374:
357 "Governmental Services and Inte
Page 375 and 376:
359 Huntington, Samuel P. Political
Page 377 and 378:
361 Ministry of Communications. Hig
Page 379 and 380:
363 Morris, A.E.J. History of Urban
Page 381 and 382:
365 Salamah, Gasssan. "Saudi Arabia
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367 Wilber, C. and K. Jameson. "Par
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