Dissertation_Dr Faisal Almubarak

149
15
Self (1985), 877.
16
Ibid.
L. Reissman (1975), op. cit., 156
G. Bear, "The City" In Readings in Arab Middle Eastern Societies and Culture, edited by Abdulla M.
Lutfiyya and Charles Churchill (Paris: Mouton. 1970), 641. In fact, in Saudi Arabia, all heads and
members of municipalities are appointed by the central government.
19
M. Bonine, (1980), op. cit.
20 Tarik M. Al-Soliman. "The Characteristics of Planned Communities and Their Impact on Urban
Development and Residents Perceptions". In Urban and Rural Profiles in Saudi Arabia, edited by K.
M. Al-Ankary and El-S. El-Bushra (Berlin: Gebrudner Borntraeger) 1989. p. 62.
21 John Dyckman, A. Kreditor and T. Baneijee, "Planning in an Unprepared Environment: The Case of
Bahrain," TPR , Vol. 55, No. 2 (1984), 216.
22 The term bureaucracy refers to a system of organization "characterized by hierarchical chain of
information gathering and command, conscious adaptation of means to ends, intraorganizational
specialization, and separation of ownership and management." In addition to bargaining and democracy,
bureaucratic organization is a non-market process that supplements market mechanisms in a managed
capitalist society. John Elliot. Comparative Economic Systems (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Publishing Company, 1985).
23 Foglesong, op. cit., 15. Foglesong espouses a Marxian approach to explain the meaning and
significance of the rule of planning and planners. He argues that neither the 'pluralistic-liberal
paradigm 1 nor the progressive development planning approach can deliver a full understanding of the
emergence of urban planning in a capitalist society. Rather, urban planning is best understood through
Marxian analysis which emphasizes the structures and contradictions of American capitalist democracy.
Foglesong probes questions such as how and what type of powerful interests were incorporated into
planning policy and what the role planners play in such a context.
24 ibid., 16.
25
The term "synoptic planning, "was coined by Charles Lindblom in his criticism to decision making
processes by intellectual problem solving. It involves the identification of goals and policy means
which most efficiently attain with the goals. Lindblom argues for what he terms as "muddling
through" approach to policy making. For example, he denies the rational comprehensive planning
model as an ideal, argues for the replacement of 'validity as a criterion in decision-making process for
agreement, and calls for political market Choices rather than knowledge (In A. Faludi (1983)). In his
later works (1977) he modified his position on planning to accommodate for a degree of national
economic planning as a way to maintain democracy.
26 in Foglesong, op cit., 8.
27 Dyckman et al, op cit., 215.