Dissertation_Dr Faisal Almubarak

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290 34 it could also be attributed to the lack of (1) control, (2) clear perception of users and (3) the long-term range of the Doxiadis plan. In the case of the ISF housing development, the authority was vested in the Department of Housing in the Ministry of Interior whose planners maintained full control on dispensing land and funds to house specific users, at one point in time. Doxiadis Associates, Northern Region, Major Plans: Arar, Final Major Plan, No. 40, April, 1975. (Athens and Riyadh, Doxiadis Association). 36 By forgoing the opportunity to synchronize population growth and demand for land, distributing free land, and the provision of community services and the laying of infrastructure, the government missed the chance to control urban sprawl. 37 See additional discussion in Chapter Five. 38 in autocratic political systems, planning firms are likely to be encouraged, if not explicitly requested to stay aloof of local politics and distributional issues and to avoid information that might reveal shortcomings on the part of their clients, e.g. a state. 39 An example of urban development with full programmed government control over the distribution of land and suitable community services is the ISF housing development in Arar. 40 Doxiadis Associates, Northern Region, Major Plans: Arar, Final Major Plan, No. 40, April, 1975. (Athens and Riyadh, Doxiadis Association), 40; Special Report, "Arar" Al-Baladiyat, No. (1989): 14- 21. 41 Special Report, "Arar" Al-Baladiyat, No. (1989): 14-21. The number of loans may not equal the number of units. A loan may be obtained to build a multi-unit apartment building. 42 As discussed in the section on land tenure, Chapter Five, the government ministries share the responsibility of the bulging modern Saudi urban forms. Because their urban projects call for the construction of large compounds and communities, it is procedurally easier and cheaper for departments to request peripheral parcels of land which are usually owned by the government rather than seeking intown land, geared toward individual buyers in the private market. Moreover, its difficult to deal with intown land when ownership is in the hand of many individuals. 43 MOMRA, Atlas of Saudi Cities, Existing Conditions (Riyadh: Deputy Ministry for City Planning, 1987), 29. 44 MOMRA, Atlas of Saudi Cities, The Urban Domain (Riyadh: Deputy Ministry for City Planning, 1989), 30. 45 Royal Decree No. 13 dated 9/1/1406H (c. 1986). 4^ The government's effort to inhibit urban sprawl goes back to 1977. Royal Decree 117 dated 25/8/1397H. addressed the need to come up with solutions to the problems. These efforts culminated in Royal Decree No. 13 dated 9/1/1406H.
291 47 A1 Hathloul and Amroush (1988) list 1987 figures of Arar's area. Citing an earlier version of the UD, they contend that Arar's land needs for the first domain (up to 1995) are 414 hectares and another 549 hectares until 2005. Such estimates are based on the existing city area of 925 hectares as listed in the Saudi Cities Atlas, Existing Conditions of 1987. However, the Saudi Atlas, Urban Domain was based on studies summarized in the Saudi Cities Atlas, Existing Conditions. The UD which was sanctified in 1989 lists an existing area of the city at 2,600 hectares (as opposed to the 925 hectares originally listed in the 1987 estimates).
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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscrip
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Urbanization, Urban Policy and City
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In presenting this dissertation in
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state in contemporary urban develop
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IV. Two Decades of Turmoil (1953-19
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CHAPTER VIII State-led Urbanization
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LIST OF FIGURES Number Page 1.1 Map
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CHAPTER I URBANIZATION, URBAN POLIC
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3 the same time, industrialization'
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5 macro-social change. He states th
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7 In addition to this form of livin
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9 In most cases, even physical plan
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11 V. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND STRU
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13 overview of the economic and pol
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15 research findings: an evaluation
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17 15 Quoted by C. G. Pickvance, "C
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19 resulted in problematic urbaniza
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21 Prophet taught that the Biblical
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23 and/or transformed already exist
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25 differentiation between the town
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Those who fled Makkah with the Prop
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29 left unbuilt for the use of vari
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31 The origin of the schools of tho
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33 3. THE CIRCULATION SPACE. The de
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35 duties including the supervision
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37 contrasted qualities, between th
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39 found intimate, lasting bonds of
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41 checkered early history of eclec
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43 IV. CRITIQUE OF THE MODEL Accord
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45 however contributed decisively t
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47 So, Islam's perception of dunia
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49 guild, all regulated in the ligh
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51 Prophet. By doing so , a person
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53 Kenneth Brown (1986b), 77. M. Bo
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CHAPTER HI FORCES OF CHANGE IN SAUD
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attentions from the local level to
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59 written document spelling out it
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61 was espoused to create outlets f
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63 states, Abdul-Aziz mustered his
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65 his extended family's living dep
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67 The decline was also partly caus
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69 toward a polyarchy of tribes lur
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71 Table 3.1 Oil Production and Rev
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73 With the shift from traditional,
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75 which gave the United States acc
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77 primary and secondary schools, i
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79 the urgent need to shift gears t
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81 This intermittent process of sed
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83 petitioning of the central gover
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85 leaps toward modernity. And inst
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87 of surplus population in urban c
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89 the premise that Ml benefits of
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91 imports of raw materials and mac
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93 oil exports and infrastructural
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95 determined by social status. The
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97 self-employed peasant earned a m
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99 small-arms and ammunitions facto
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101 TABLE 3.5 Top Cities with Popul
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103 SUMMARY In what seemed at the b
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105 financial support, complaints,
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107 Abdul-Rahman H. Al-Said, "The T
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109 64 N.C. Grill, "Urbanization In
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Ill My discussion starts with a his
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113 the modern state, advocating th
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115 more importance on "means" and
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117 states "A more important proble
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119 planning toward expertise and t
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121 With oil income available to th
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123 in. SAUDI GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
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125 sites. The King, who was advise
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127 municipalities, 43 village clus
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129 bustling plexus/center of immen
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131 services, for the new annexes o
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133 compensations plus a thirty per
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135 settlements, nomads and expatri
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137 the royal family, old-fashioned
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139 The five-year plan comprises (1
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141 to sort urban activities into d
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143 Yanbu occupies public land of 8
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145 land uses backed with detailed
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147 imported models, chiefly Wester
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149 15 Self (1985), 877. 16 Ibid. L
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151 big multi-story apartment build
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CHAPTER V MAJOR TRADITIONAL URBAN A
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155 A. Semi-Local Autonomy and Gove
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157 development, no master plans, a
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159 charities, waqf. For instance,
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161 faced with increasing world dem
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163 Notes to Chapter V 1 Six major
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165 The relationship between neighb
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CHAPTER VI RIYADH: FROM WALLED TOWN
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169 iMusmak Built Area '-'r.identir
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171 and saucepans, wooden chests of
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173 town inhabited mostly by the un
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175 Muslim center, when compared to
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177 In the oases and towns, propert
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179 tribal chiefs and influential t
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181 improved economy and its increa
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183 into a nuclei of the Matar subu
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185 as practiced by Amanat Ar-Riyad
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187 [AOH \*-\K il 1975 Figure 6.5 R
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189 land, reflected the Saudi econo
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191 notion, that is, the realizatio
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193 It I j i 1 i 1 i Bv gy- - 1 ili
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195 household itself. Wealthy peopl
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197 communities. Aramco introduced
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199 heritage in an era of technolog
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Figure 6.10 Riyadh: King Saud's roy
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203 LOCALITY PLAN V Figure 6.12 Al-
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205 leading to the airport. In cont
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207 on the urban scene. His reforms
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Table 6.1 Number of Permits (Constr
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Municipally population (1940s) Tabl
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213 expanding cities. Master city p
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215 Commerce. Busincu tad Ciric |QQ
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217 attention to economic determina
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219 zr/M Khjzian J T.\. Street Figu
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221 urban growth consumed most of t
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223 government spending fueled city
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225 paying consideration to the cen
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227 bring more customers to the dow
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229 While the foci of capitalist wo
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231 mollifying and complementing th
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233 The modern urban form possesses
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235 developed land use. Another 13
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237 in 1950, and the transfer of th
Page 255 and 256: 239 Table 6.5 Riyadh's Land Uses an
Page 257 and 258: 241 expertise impeded the implement
Page 259 and 260: 243 16 Adeeb Faris. Ar Riyadh: Wath
Page 261 and 262: 245 36 H. St J. B. Philby, "Riyadh:
Page 263 and 264: 247 59 K. Brown. Middle Eastern Cit
Page 265 and 266: 249 (valleys), Arar and Badanah, wh
Page 267 and 268: 251 The unprecedented venture of bu
Page 269 and 270: 253 Between 1973 and 1986 Arar witn
Page 271 and 272: 255 even shrank considerably follow
Page 273 and 274: 257 JL IgUi v / • Arar's layout d
Page 275 and 276: 259 Doxiadis Plan, (5) militarizati
Page 277 and 278: 261 Aththouqbah, the Tapline compan
Page 279 and 280: 263 processing and assembly, etc.)
Page 281 and 282: 265 rising oil revenues. 25 During
Page 283 and 284: 267 In 1976, the government authori
Page 285 and 286: 269 rv^ Figure 7.5 King Abdul-Aziz
Page 287 and 288: 271 I— _r
Page 289 and 290: 273 ; 'i'% Residential Area rV s3\^
Page 291 and 292: 275 j "Hf \\\X j»Lfc AR'AR FINAl M
Page 293 and 294: 277 them to seek better and larger
Page 295 and 296: 279 mosques and the like. The numbe
Page 297 and 298: 281 construction permits issued by
Page 299 and 300: 283 Figure 7.11 The Urban Domain fo
Page 301 and 302: 285 built environment, all consiste
Page 303 and 304: 287 Notes to Chapter VII 1 Helmut M
Page 305: 289 free of charge. If such person
Page 309 and 310: 293 (inevitably calling for the imp
Page 311 and 312: 295 Ashsha'eeb's topography helped
Page 313 and 314: 297 impact of these series of battl
Page 315 and 316: 299 The historical development of H
Page 317 and 318: 301 Mohammad (1803-14) the grandson
Page 319 and 320: 303 rectangular forms. In 1965-66 t
Page 321 and 322: 305 The built form of present Hurai
Page 323 and 324: 307 dilapidated, mud houses had bec
Page 325 and 326: 309 fr-xttxw^XvSNsvXvWx^ww&i-xyrX ,
Page 327 and 328: 311 responsible for issuing buildin
Page 329 and 330: 313 urban growth and management mus
Page 331 and 332: 315 Figure 8.11 Starting during the
Page 333 and 334: 317 to virtually all those who appl
Page 335 and 336: 319 lid t)3acs • 1 11 iffrhj =3 a
Page 337 and 338: 321 Huraimla. 22 Between 1970 and 1
Page 339 and 340: 323 In Huraimla, to encourage and e
Page 341 and 342: 325 compared to the traditional bui
Page 343 and 344: 327 Notes to Chapter VIII 1 H. St.
Page 345 and 346: 329 21 For example, the estate al A
Page 347 and 348: 331 polarization of power under the
Page 349 and 350: 333 development. This requires the
Page 351 and 352: 335 residential suburbs, megalomani
Page 353 and 354: 337 branches of the central governm
Page 355 and 356: 339 Whilst steps toward integrated
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341 such a dynamism to suburban gro
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343 HI. ENVISIONING THE PLURALISTIC
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345 government, a greater flexibili
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347 Notes to Chapter IX 1 The abili
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Abdulaal, Walead. "Imp
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351 A1 Rashid, Ibrahim. Documents o
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353 Bligh, Alexander. "The Saudi Re
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355 Doxiadis Associates. Northern R
Page 373 and 374:
357 "Governmental Services and Inte
Page 375 and 376:
359 Huntington, Samuel P. Political
Page 377 and 378:
361 Ministry of Communications. Hig
Page 379 and 380:
363 Morris, A.E.J. History of Urban
Page 381 and 382:
365 Salamah, Gasssan. "Saudi Arabia
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367 Wilber, C. and K. Jameson. "Par
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