Dissertation_Dr Faisal Almubarak

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Prophet. By doing so , a person may succeed in attaining peace from Allah's punishment and reside in
paradise.
Usually peace will be given a chance. When Mohammed commanded his expeditions' leaders, the
Prophet would ask them not to kill children, women nor elderly. Only those involved in military
confrontation were to be fought. War was the third resort after the choice of accepting Islams, and
hence becoming Muslims, and/or paying the duties by the non-believers in exchange for services
provided by the state such as defense (Non-Muslims are not required to join the army).
19 Riaz Hassan, "The Nature of Islamic Urbanization -An Historical Perspective." Islamic Culture (July,
1969), 235.
2
® Martin J. Daunton discusses both arguments in his paper "The Social Meaning of Space: The City in
the West and Islam." The Proceedings of the International Conference on Urbanism in Islam (ICUIT),
Vol.1 (October 22-28,1989): 26-58.
21 Islamic Encyclopedia of the Social Science.s "Guilds." Vol. 7 (New York: Macmillan, 1933).
22
Al Hathloul (1981), 30-41.
23
Ibid, 33.
24
Ibid, 34.
2^ G. Sjoberg, The Preindustrial City (Riyadh: Free Press, 1960).
26
Al Hathloul (1981).
27 S. Al Hathloul (1981); S. Al Hathloul, "The role of the Physical Environment of the Arab-Muslim
Cities," Riyadh, Arab city Institute.
28 S. Al Hathloul (1981), B. S. Hakim Arabic-Islamic Cities: Building and Planning Principles. (London:
kegan Paul International, 1986); J. Akbar (1988), for example.
29
S.N. Eisenstadt and A. Shachar. Society, Culture and Urbanization (Newbury Park: Sage
Publications, 1987), 206.
30 Shiism is a branch of Islam comprising 10% or less of the whole Muslim population worldwide "with
doctrines significantly different from those of the orthodox Sunni majority." C. Glasse.' "Shiism". In
The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam (San Francisco: Harper SanFrancisco, 1991),364. Some consider
the Sheit's Jafry as fifth school. However, unlike the Sunni four schools of fiqh whose scholars all
agree that the Prophet was the actual person and pay due respect to his successors, the four Khualafaa
Arrashidoun (righthly guided Caliphs), the Sheit adherents, profess reverence to the Prophet, consider
his nephew Ali bin Abi Talib and his decendents as imams, who have some holliness characterisitcs.
Ali, due to early political conflict lost succession to the ledership of the Islamic nation. This
disagreement has caused schism in Islam since the Sunni schoolars vehemently repudiate the concept of
imam as defined in the Shiet sect.
31 See Besim S. Hakim (1986).