Dissertation_Dr Faisal Almubarak

108
52 Clive A. Sinclair, and J. S. Birks, "Manpower in Saudi Arabia, 19801985," In R. El Mallakh and
D. El Mallakh(1982), 162.
53 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Planning, Fifth Development Plan, 1410/1990-1415/1995
(1989), 197. It must be noted here that there are implicit costs involved in figures of increases of
domestic subsidized production. Calculations of benefits and costs must include consumption of
water, loss of currency to foreign labor and machinery, for example. This point also applies to the
(nominal) increases in figures of industrial production.
In Saudi Arabia, more than 4 million individuals (50.1%) of the total number of those who live in
the Kingdom, twelve years and above, comprise the working force. The remaining 49.9% of the
total number of those who live in the country are distributed as follows: (1) 23% are household
wives and other individuals whose work is house-related such as maids, (2) 21% students, (3)
3%.unable to work, and (4) 3% others. The Saudi nationals comprise 1.5 million of the total
number (or 36.6%) out of which men account for 92.9%. The number of non-Saudi laborers is
estimated at 2.5 million (63.4%) of the total labor force in the Kingdom. Source: Maslahat al-Ihsa'at
al-A'amah (General Statistical Agency). Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Labor Force in the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia: 1986.
55 Peter Mansfield, 77 ~ New Arabians (Chicago: J. G. Ferguson Publishing Company, 1981), 166.
56 Ministry of Planning. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Fifth Development Plan, 1410/1990-1415/1995
(Riyadh: Ministry of Planning Press), 141. Especially since the debut of the five-year development
plans, the government established specialized credit institutions such as the Real Estate Development
Fund, Public Investment Fund, Saudi Industrial Development Fund, Saudi Arabian Agricultural
Bank, Saudi Credit Bank, and Specialized Credit Programs. The assets of these institutions amounts
to SR 197 billion in 1989, only ten percent less than the combined assets of all commercial banks.
During the course of their activity, they provided more than SR 234 billion.
57
Ibid, 141.
58
59
"Back in Business," The Middle East (August, 1990), 26.
Farouk M. Akhdar, "The Philosophy of Saudi Arabia's Industrialization Policy," In R. El Mallakh,
17
60
Ibid, 17.
Gary Samore, The New York Times (Sunday, October 18,1981), 14. Quoted in Nehme, Michael G.
Saudi Arabia: Political Implications of the Development Plans. Unpublished Dissertation (New
Jersey: Rutgers University, 1983), 11.
62 Mark Heller and Nadav Safran, "The New Middle Class and Regime Stability in Saudi Arabia,"
Harvard Middle East Papers, Modem Series: Number 3 (Cambridge, Mass.: Center For Middle
Eastern Studies, Harvard University, 1984).
63 Alan George, op. cit